[Renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11 translocation involving the gene]. / Pochechno-kletochnyi rak, assotsiirovannyi s Xp11-translokatsiei gena.

The paper describes a clinical case of the rare tumor renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11 translocations involving the TFE3 gene in a 53-year-old male patient. It provides the detailed characteristics of current diagnostic techniques.

[Importance of proliferative potential (as the ratio of a proliferative cells number and duration of mitosis) in diagnoses of malignant degree and prognosis of adrenocortical cancer].

The aim of research has been the estimation of a proliferative potential as simultaneous detection of a proliferative cells number (Ki-67 index) and duration of mitosis (nucleolar argyrophilic protein expression--B23/nucleophosmin and C23/nucleolin) at patients with adrenocortical cancer. In according to lifetime of patients after operation 2 groups had been sorted out. The first one included patients surviving 56.12 months, the second one--9.25 months. We've found out that different aspects of tumor diagnosis as well distinction of benignant or malignant tumor growth, a malignant degree of tumors, a prognostic criteria of illness, survival of patients etc. must be characterized by total research both a proliferative cells fraction (Ki-67 index) and a rate of mitosis (expressions of B23/nucleophosmin and C23/nucleolin).

[Prognistic value of a study of the expression of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region associated proteins in case of papillary thyroid cancer].

The prognosis in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is usually good. Ten-year survival can be seen in 90-98% of patients. Immunohistochemical study (antigen K-67) ascertained that a female patient with PTC had a low number of proliferating cells, which is usually seen in the favorable course of the disease. However, in the presented case, PTC was highly aggressive and showed a significant invasive growth, provided regional and distant metastases, rapidly progressed and, despite the performed surgical treatment, the patient died due to disease progression 3 months after surgery. This discrepancy between the number of proliferating cells and the aggressive course of PTC should be explained by the high expression of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region associated proteins nucleofozmin and nucleolin, detected by immunohistochemical study, which is known to cause an increase in the rate of a mitotic cycle rate and to promote intercellular adhesion and enhancement of invasive growth and metastatic spread. Various factors involved in the regulation of proliferation of cells and their capacity for invasion and metastasis should be studied to make the most objective estimation of the degree of malignancy of a tumor and its prognosis.

[Significance of the expression of nucleolar argyrophilic proteins and antigen Ki-67 in the evaluation of cell proliferative activity and in the prediction of minimal (T1) lung cancer].

S u m m a ry. - The subject of the study was 20 cases of non-small-cell lung carcinomas, up to 3 cm in diameter, conventionally designed as minimal lung cancers removed in patients operated on at the N. N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in 1986 to 2001. According to survival rates after surgery, the patients were divided into two groups: 1) those who died within the first two years; 2) those who were followed up for 3-5 years. Histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies were performed. The expression of argyrophylic nucleolar organizer site proteins (Ag-NOS-proteins) that characterized the rate of cell proliferation (the duration of a cellular cycle) and the expression of Ki-67 antigen, which reflected the fraction of growth (the number of proliferating cells), were revealed in the tumor cells. Minimal lung cancers were found to be a heterogeneous group of neoplasms showing differences in both the rate of cell proliferation and the count of proliferating cells. The cell proliferation rate is a determinant of the clinical course of minimal lung cancers. Group 1 tumors characterized by the superexpression of Ag-NOS-proteins and, accordingly, the higher cell proliferation rate and the moderate count of proliferating cells had a poor prognosis even in the presence of Stage IA whereas Group 2 tumors with a large quantity of proliferating cells, but with the less rate of cell proliferation were characterized by a much better prognosis. The rate of cell proliferation (expression of Ag-NOS-proteins) and the count of proliferating cells (the expression of Ki-67 antigen) should be simultaneously studied to have more complete information on the proliferative potential of tumor cells and on the prediction of the course of neoplasms.

[Argyrophilic proteins in the regions of nucleolar organizers are markers of cell proliferation rate].

The paper reviews the literature on the role of the above proteins in the mechanisms of cell cycle regulation and presents data on changes in protein expression in dynamics of cell cycle. The significance of studies dealing with the expression of these proteins, which, along with the assessment of a cell population growth fraction, allow one to characterize the rate of cell proliferation that under malignant growth is the determinant of cell proliferative status, which has a great impact on tumor progression, is discussed. The data on the diagnostic value of these proteins as an independent predictor for a broad spectrum of tumors are considered.

[Argyrophilic proteins of nucleolar organizers regions as markers of malignancy grade of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma]. / Znachenie argirofil'nykh belkov oblastei iadryshkovykh organizatorov kak markerov stepeni zlokachestvennosti anaplasticheskoi krupnokletochnoi limfomy i limfomy Khodzhkina.

Expression of argyrophilic proteins of nucleolar organizers regions (Ag-NOR-proteins) was studied in tumor cells from 17 patients with a classic variant of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) and 22 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Eight cases of p80+ and nine cases of p80-ALCL were studied. HL was represented by 13 cases with lymphoid depletion by a reticular type and 9 cases with nodular sclerosis with a syncytial growth. Ag-NOR-proteins were identified using histochemical method with silver nitrate. The expression of Ag-NOR-proteins in tumor cells of ALCL and HL appeared intensive, being highest in ALCL cells, in p80+ cells of ALCL there was superexpression. The differences in expression of Ag-NOR-proteins point to different proliferative activity and growth of the above variants of ALCL and HL. The test for Ag-NOR-proteins expression can be recommended as an additional tool in differential diagnosis, determination of malignancy grade, assesssment of prognosis and sensitivity to chemotherapy.

Expression of argyrophilic proteins in the nucleolar organizer regions of human thymocytes and thymic epitheliocytes under conditions of coculturing with vilon and epithalon peptides.

Vilon stimulated and Epithalon suppressed the expression of argyrophilic proteins in nucleolar organizer regions of thymocytes and epithelial cells, stimulating or reducing, respectively, the formation, assembly, and transport of ribosomes into the cytoplasm and thus determining the intensity of protein synthesis in these cells. A direct mitogenic effect of Vilon was also revealed: this peptide promoted thymocyte transformation into proliferating blast cells.

[Ultrastructural criteria of clinical prognosis in hormonally non-active adrenocortical tumors]. / Ul'trastrukturnye kriterii klinicheskogo prognoza pri gormonal'no-neaktivnykh adrenokortikal'nykh opukholiakh nadpochechnikov.

The investigation was concerned with histological and ultrastructural features of adrenocortical tumors of the adrenals, which have a differential-diagnostic and clinico-prognostic relevance. Histological and electron-microscopical examination of 60 tumors (adrenocortical adenoma--12; adrenocortical cancer--48) was carried out and the findings were compared with clinical data. No significant correlation between histological pattern of adrenocortical tumors and survival was established. Ultrastructural evidence showed electron-microscopical examination to be a reliable procedure for making prognosis of adrenocortical cancers. There was a direct correlation between the level of differentiated cells and degree of their differentiation, on the one hand, and the quality of prognosis and survival, on the other. The significant predominance of differentiated cells was characteristic of adrenocortical adenomas.

Ultrastructural criteria of malignancy of adrenal medullary tumor.

Histological analysis and electron microscopy of 12 benign pheochromocytomas and 9 malignant pheochromoblastomas showed that there are no reliable histological differences between cells of benign and malignant tumor of the adrenal medulla. The ratio of ultrastructurally differentiated and undifferentiated cells in the tumor can reflect their maturity; the more ultrastructurally undifferentiated and less differentiated cells in the tumor, the higher is the malignant potential of this tumor.

[Expression of argyrophilic proteins from the nucleolar organizer regions as an index of maturity degree of benign and malignant adrenal tumors]. / Ekspressiia argirofil'nykh belkov oblastei iadryshkovogo organizatora kak pokazatel' stepeni zrelosti dobrokachestvennykh i zlokachestvennykh opukholei nadpochechnika.

Expression of APNOR was studied in 26 benign and malignant tumors of adrenal cortex and medulla. The histochemical method with silver nitrate was used. Expression of APNOR argyrophilic proteins in adrenocortical carcinomas was 4.59 times higher than in adrenocortical adenomas and 2.63 times higher in pheochromoblastomas than in pheochromocytomas. This index may be recommended as an additional method for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant adrenal tumors, particularly in difficult border line cases as well as determination of prognosis and metastatic potential of these tumors. Cytospecificity of APNOR expression in different types of adrenal cells was established.

[Significance of argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organizer region in differentiation of benign and malignant growth of thyroid epithelial tumors]. / Znachenie argirofil'nykh belkov oblasti iadryshkovykh organizatorov v razgranichenii dobrokachestvennogo i zlokachestvennogo rosta épitelial'nykh opukholei shchitovidnoi zhelezy.

Argyrophilic proteins of nucleolar organizers (NO) were measured in 47 benign (24 follicular and 8 atypical adenomas) and malignant (8 papillary and 7 follicular carcinomas) tumors. The content of argyrophilic NO proteins was significantly higher in malignant cells. The proportion of cells with at least 5 silver grains per cell was 16.8 and 22.8% in follicular and papillary carcinoma, respectively, and 3.2 and 12% in follicular and atypical adenoma, respectively. These data can be used as accessory signs in differential diagnosis.

[Morphological manifestations of large cell anaplastic Ki1(CD30)-positive lymphoma in children]. / Morfologicheskie proiavleniia krupnokletochnoi anaplazirovannoi Ki1 (CD30)-pozitivnoi limfomy u detei.

Classic morphological and lymphohistiocytic variant were found in 46 and 2 cases, respectively, of 49 LCAL cases studied pathohistologically. One patient had a variant with a predominance of small tumor cells. Ultrastructurally, cells with feature of histiocytic and lymphoid differentiation and undifferentiated cells in various proportions were observed.

[Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-IV as a histochemical marker of differential diagnosis of large cell anaplastic CD30+-lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease]. / Dipeptidilaminopeptidaza-IV kak gistokhimicheskii marker differentsial'noi diagnostiki krupnokletochnoi anaplasticheskoi CD30+-limfomy i limfogranulematoza.

Using histochemical methods, we studied distribution of dipeptidylaminopeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) in tumor cells of 16 patients with non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (NHL) including B-cell NHL (10 cases), pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma (1 case), CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) of T-cell (1 case) and ALCL of null-cell type (4 cases) and of 13 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD). The results indicate that tumour cells of pleomorphic T-cell NHL and ALCL of T- and null-cell type showed DPP-IV activity. In contrast, no DPP-IV activity was seen in the tumor cells of B-cell NHL (lymphocytic, centroblastic/centrocytic, centroblastic, immunoblastic), in Berezovsky-Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin's cells of different HD variants. These results demonstrate that difference in DPP-IV activity between tumor cells of ALCL and HD may be diagnostically important for separation of ALCL from HD and moreover may be used in verification of the borderline between HD-like ALCL and ALCL-like HD. It is possible that DPP-IV activity contributes to pathogenesis of ALCL and may determine clinical behaviour of this NHL being involved in autocrine and paracrine regulation of tumor cell growth of ALCL.

[Sarcoma arising from Langerhans cellsi]. / Sarkoma iz kletok Langergansa.

A rare case of tumor arising from Langerhans cells in the tongue and neck area in a 37 year-old man is presented. It was a polymorphocellular sarcoma with bean-like twisted nuclei. Electron microscopy identified granules of Langerhans (Bierbeck), multiple tubulo-vesicular structures, ring-like plates, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and dendritic processes. Total leukocytic antigen was assayed in tumor cells but no expression of S-100 protein found.

[Sarcoma consisting of dendritic reticular cells]. / Sarkoma iz dendriticheskikh retikuliarnykh kletok.

Sarcoma consisting of dendritic reticular cells is one of the histiocytic sarcoma variants. In the case reported sarcoma affected axillary lymph nodes in a 20-year-old male. The tumor was surgically removed but recurred 2 years after radiation and polychemotherapy. The recurrent tumor was also surgically removed. Histology of the primary and recurrent tumors was similar. The tumors were studied electron-microscopically and immunohistochemically.

[Aminopeptidases in cells of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of varying degrees of malignancy and in lymphogranulomatosis]. / Aminopeptidazy v kletkakh nekhodzhkinskikh limfom raznoi stepeni zlokachestvennosti i pri limfogranulematoze.

26 cases of lymphoproliferative diseases were studied: 8 cases of reactive follicular hyperplasia (RFH), 11 cases of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (NML), 7 cases of lymphogranulomatosis (LGM). Only gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was found in lymphoid cells of B- and T-dependent areas of lymph nodes with reactive changes as well as in tumor cells of NML and LGM. GGT activity was more pronounced in NML of high-grade malignancy (centroblast and immunoblast) as compared to lymphomas of lower grade of malignancy (lymphocytic, centroblast-centrocytic and in Lennert lymphoma). GGT activity in cells of Hodgkin and Berezovsky-Sterberg in some cases of LGM was high, in others low. Significant differences in GGT activity between RFH and follicular centroblast-centrocytic lymphoma were not found. Activity of aminopeptidase M was observed in histiocytes, fibroblasts, vessels and areas of connective tissue growth. Aminopeptidase A activity was observed in vessels only. Activity of dipeptidyl(amino)peptidase IV was observed in some lymphoid cells in RFH, NML and LGM. Thus, GGT activity may be considered as a differential-diagnostic marker in separating NML of high and low degree of malignancy and this may presume a different sensitivity to the therapy.

[Nucleolar organizer as a marker of malignancy grade and prognosis of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma]. / Iadryshkovyi organizator kak marker stepeni zlokachestvennosti i prognoza nekhodzhkinskikh zlokachestvennykh limfom.

There were 51 cases of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma (NHL) and 9 cases of reactive follicular hyperplasia among 60 cases of lymphoproliferative conditions. According to the Kiel classification, lymphomas of a low grade of malignancy (17 cases) and lymphomas of a high grade of malignancy (34 cases) were distinguished among NML. Significantly higher activity of the nucleolar organizers (NO) was observed in lymphomas of a high malignancy grade, particularly in lymphomas formed of cells of early differentiation stages, and enhancement of NO activity with development of lymphoma aggression. "Anomalies" of NO activity expression reflecting clinical lymphoma presentation were noted among NML of various malignancy grade. NML with a high NO activity are described as having less favourable prognosis compared to lymphomas with low NO activity. No significant difference in NO activity was found between reactive follicular hyperplasia and follicular centroblast-centrocytic lymphoma. Thus, NO activity can be considered as an additional diagnostic marker of NML grade of malignancy and prognosis.