ABSTRACT
Semisynthetic artemisinins and other bioactive peroxides are best known for their powerful antimalarial activities, and they also show substantial activity against schistosomes-another hemoglobin-degrading pathogen. Building on this discovery, we now describe the initial structure-activity relationship (SAR) of antischistosomal ozonide carboxylic acids OZ418 (2) and OZ165 (3). Irrespective of lipophilicity, these ozonide weak acids have relatively low aqueous solubilities and high protein binding values. Ozonides with para-substituted carboxymethoxy and N-benzylglycine substituents had high antischistosomal efficacies. It was possible to increase solubility, decrease protein binding, and maintain the high antischistosomal activity in mice infected with juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni by incorporating a weak base functional group in these compounds. In some cases, adding polar functional groups and heteroatoms to the spiroadamantane substructure increased the solubility and metabolic stability, but in all cases decreased the antischistosomal activity.
Subject(s)
Adamantane/therapeutic use , Carboxylic Acids/therapeutic use , Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/therapeutic use , Schistosomicides/therapeutic use , Spiro Compounds/therapeutic use , Adamantane/analogs & derivatives , Adamantane/pharmacokinetics , Adamantane/toxicity , Animals , Carboxylic Acids/chemical synthesis , Carboxylic Acids/pharmacokinetics , Carboxylic Acids/toxicity , Cell Line, Tumor , Female , HEK293 Cells , Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/chemical synthesis , Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/pharmacokinetics , Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/toxicity , Humans , Mice , Molecular Structure , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Schistosoma mansoni/drug effects , Schistosomiasis mansoni/drug therapy , Schistosomicides/chemical synthesis , Schistosomicides/pharmacokinetics , Schistosomicides/toxicity , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Spiro Compounds/toxicity , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Building on insights gained from the discovery of the antimalarial ozonide arterolane (OZ277), we now describe the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the antimalarial ozonide artefenomel (OZ439). Primary and secondary amino ozonides had higher metabolic stabilities than tertiary amino ozonides, consistent with their higher pKa and lower log D7.4 values. For primary amino ozonides, addition of polar functional groups decreased in vivo antimalarial efficacy. For secondary amino ozonides, additional functional groups had variable effects on metabolic stability and efficacy, but the most effective members of this series also had the highest log D7.4 values. For tertiary amino ozonides, addition of polar functional groups with H-bond donors increased metabolic stability but decreased in vivo antimalarial efficacy. Primary and tertiary amino ozonides with cycloalkyl and heterocycle substructures were superior to their acyclic counterparts. The high curative efficacy of these ozonides was most often associated with high and prolonged plasma exposure, but exposure on its own did not explain the presence or absence of either curative efficacy or in vivo toxicity.
Subject(s)
Adamantane/analogs & derivatives , Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Malaria/drug therapy , Peroxides/therapeutic use , Plasmodium berghei/drug effects , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Adamantane/administration & dosage , Adamantane/blood , Adamantane/pharmacology , Adamantane/therapeutic use , Animals , Antimalarials/administration & dosage , Antimalarials/blood , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Female , Male , Mice , Peroxides/administration & dosage , Peroxides/blood , Peroxides/pharmacology , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We report a series of novel inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase based on the 2-oxotetrahydroquinoline scaffold. We developed an efficient synthesis of these compounds. These compounds show selective inhibtion of the malaria versus human farnesyltransferase and inhibit the growth of the malaria parasite in the low nanomolar range. Some of the compounds are at least an order of magnitude more stable to metabolic degradation than the corresponding tetrahydroquinolines.
Subject(s)
Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors , Antimalarials/chemical synthesis , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Quinolines/chemical synthesis , Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/chemistry , Animals , Antimalarials/chemistry , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Stability , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Plasmodium falciparum/enzymology , Quinolines/chemistry , Quinolines/pharmacology , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Substituted tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) have been previously identified as inhibitors of mammalian protein farnesyltransferase (PFT). Previously we showed that blocking PFT in the malaria parasite led to cell death and that THQ-based inhibitors are the most potent among several structural classes of PFT inhibitors (PFTIs). We have prepared 266 THQ-based PFTIs and discovered several compounds that inhibit the malarial enzyme in the sub- to low-nanomolar range and that block the growth of the parasite (P. falciparum) in the low-nanomolar range. This body of structure-activity data can be rationalized in most cases by consideration of the X-ray structure of one of the THQs bound to mammalian PFT together with a homology structural model of the malarial enzyme. The results of this study provide the basis for selection of antimalarial PFTIs for further evaluation in preclinical drug discovery assays.
