ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Promoter hypermethylation is one of the enabling mechanisms of hallmarks of cancer. Tumor suppressor genes like RARB and GSTP1 have been reported as hypermethylated in breast cancer tumors compared with normal tissues in several populations. This case-control study aimed to determine the association between the promoter methylation ratio (PMR) of RARB and GSTP1 genes (separately and as a group) with breast cancer and its clinical-pathological variables in Peruvian patients, using a liquid biopsy approach. METHODS: A total of 58 breast cancer patients and 58 healthy controls, matched by age, participated in the study. We exacted cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from blood plasma and converted it by bisulfite salts. Methylight PCR was performed to obtain the PMR value of the studied genes. We determined the association between PMR and breast cancer, in addition to other clinicopathological variables. The sensitivity and specificity of the PMR of these genes were obtained. RESULTS: A significant association was not found between breast cancer and the RARB PMR (OR = 1.90; 95% CI [0.62-6.18]; p = 0.210) or the GSTP1 PMR (OR = 6.57; 95% CI [0.75-307.66]; p = 0.114). The combination of the RARB + GSTP1 PMR was associated with breast cancer (OR = 2.81; 95% CI [1.02-8.22]; p = 0.026), controls under 50 years old (p = 0.048), patients older than 50 (p = 0.007), and postmenopausal (p = 0.034). The PMR of both genes showed a specificity of 86.21% and a sensitivity of 31.03%. CONCLUSION: Promoter hypermethylation of RARB + GSTP1 genes is associated with breast cancer, older age, and postmenopausal Peruvian patients. The methylated promoter of the RARB + GSTP1 genes needs further validation to be used as a biomarker for liquid biopsy and as a recommendation criterion for additional tests in asymptomatic women younger than 50 years.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Breast/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Case-Control Studies , DNA Methylation , Glutathione S-Transferase pi/genetics , PeruABSTRACT
Optimizar la detección de mutaciones en los genes KIT y PDGFRA en una muestra de tumor del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST). Material y Métodos: Se analizó una muestra de tumor GIST fijada y embebida en parafina. Mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) se amplificaron los exones 9, 11, 13 y 17 del gen KIT y los exones 12 y 18 del gen PDGFR que contienen las mutaciones causales de GIST. Se confirmó la amplificación mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 2%. Los fragmentos amplificados, fueron purificados y secuenciados en un analizador genético. Se detectó una sobreposición de bases propio de una deleción por lo que se tuvo que clonar los productos del exón 11 para identificar el alelo mutado. Resultados: Se determinó la presencia de una mutación patogénica en el exón 11 del gen KIT. Dicha mutación es una deleción de 15 pares de bases que genera la pérdida de 5 aminoácidos en el receptor tirosina kinasa KIT. Se encontraron polimorfismos neutrales en los exones 11 del gen KIT y en el exón 18 del gen PDGFRA. Conclusión: El análisis molecular mediante secuenciación automática, permitió identificar una mutación en el gen KIT en una muestra de tumor GIST. Esta técnica puede ser aplicada para caracterizar las mutaciones genéticas de casos peruanos de GIST y así poder establecer un tratamiento adecuado según su perfil mutacional...
Objective: To optimize the detection of mutations in the genes KIT and PDGFRA in a sample of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Material and Methods: We analyzed a GIST tumor sample fixed and embedded in paraffin. Using the technique of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we amplified exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 of the KIT gene and exons 12 and 18 PDGFR gene which contain tha causal mutations of GIST. PCR amplification was confirmed by gel electrophoresis on 2% agarose. The amplified fragments were purified and cloned for subsequent sequencing. An overlap of baeses, characteristic of a deletion was detected, so we had to clone the exon 11 products to identify mutated allele. Results: We determined the presence of a pathogenic mutation in exon 11 of KIT gene. The mutation is a deletion of 15 base pairs and generates a loss of 5 amino acids in the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase. Neutral polymorphisms were also found in exon 11 of KIT gene and exon 18 of PDGFRA gene. Conclusion: Molecular analysis by automatic sequencing identified a mutation in the KIT gene in a tumor sample GIST. This technique can be applied to characterize genetic mutations Peruvian cases of GIST and thus establish adequate treatment by mutational profile...
