Payments for ecosystem services programs: A global review of contributions towards sustainability.

Payments for ecosystem services programs (PESPs) are increasingly being adopted globally to enhance sustainability outcomes. There are also hundreds of studies yearly on various aspects of PESPs, but research on their contributions to sustainability of communities and the ecosystems they depend upon at the global scale are rare. Our global review explores twelve key characteristics of PESPs at three different phases (inputs - implementation - outputs and outcomes) and their relationship types of these characteristics to sustainability outcomes. To do so, we review 376 peer-review journal articles on PESPs, and test three hypotheses related to these relationships. Our findings confirm that the relationships between each of these characteristics and sustainability outcomes are bidirectional and/or multidirectional to some extent and can be positive, negative or both, depending on specific cases and research methods used to study these relationships. The findings also disclose that separating one characteristic as the primary causal factor in any relationship or outcome is not easy as relevant characteristics are linked in a complex network. Thereby, determining key characteristics of PESPs that drive relationships for the sake of sustainability is important. Through analyzing relationships between PESP characteristics, this study offers a series of suggestions to further aid the contributions of PESPs' contributions to sustainability in the future.

Orthopaedic Out of Bed Project (OOBP): improving early mobilisation following femoral fracture using a therapy-led education programme.

Delayed mobilisation following hip fracture surgery is detrimental to patients and health systems. Prolonged hospital stay additionally results in decreased function and increased mortality. Our hospital was underperforming against the national metric for mobilisation by the day after surgery and physiotherapists were the primary healthcare professionals expected to do this. The therapy team therefore undertook a service improvement to increase the number of patients mobilised by the day after their femoral fracture surgery. This was through a ward-based education programme aimed at increasing confidence and competence of the trauma ward healthcare assistants (HCAs) to complete this task when appropriate instead of physiotherapists.The model for improvement was used, with two Plan-Do-See-Act cycles completed between 2020 and 2022. On completion of the therapy-led intervention, the percentage of patients mobilised by the day after surgery was shown to have increased from a mean average of 60% in 2019 to 79% in 2022. The number of patients mobilised by HCAs prior to physiotherapy assessment increased from 2% prior to and 30% following the intervention.The programme improved HCA confidence and competence using a rehabilitation ethos to mobilise patients following hip fracture surgery. It also showed a clinically significant improvement in the percentage of patients with hip fracture mobilising by the day after surgery and a large increase in the number of patients mobilised by our trauma ward HCAs prior to an initial physiotherapy assessment. This work has demonstrated implications for orthopaedic trauma services and the patients who receive them. It reduces the single point of failure of relying on a physiotherapist to mobilise a patient through increasing multidisciplinary confidence and capability on the ward to perform the task. In turn, this increases physiotherapy capacity to provide acute rehabilitation, which is another important part of femoral fracture recovery.

Integrating Social Learning, Adaptive Capacity and Climate Adaptation for Regional Scale Analysis: A Conceptual Framework.

The impact of climate-related changes on northern Canada's renewable resource sectors makes bolstering adaptive capacity an urgent imperative throughout the region. Although social learning is a key ingredient of adaptive capacity, our understanding of the relationships among social learning, adaptive capacity, and climate change adaptation is limited. Building on previous conceptual and empirical studies, this paper develops a framework that clarifies the interactions among social learning, adaptive capacity and climate change adaptation pertinent to a regional scale of analysis. The framework is multi-layered and consists of different levels of governing variables, units of analysis, learning outcomes and climate change adaptations. It is also integrative in that it encompasses social learning motivations, context and process factors, and outcomes, along with key determinants of adaptive capacity. A post hoc assessment of two climate change disturbances in northern boreal resource systems reveals the applicability of the framework to a regional scale analysis.

Bioenergy development and the implications for the social wellbeing of Indigenous peoples in Canada.

In this article, we focus on wellbeing as an important concept relating to bioenergy development in Canada. We use a three-dimensional or social approach to understanding wellbeing, which includes subjective and relational aspects in addition to the more traditional material dimension of wellbeing (e.g. financial resources, a healthy environment). Indigenous business leaders engaged in forestry, energy, and related resource sectors were recruited through our partner organization, the Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business, as a representative sample of key people to be engaged in the scoping of existing and future bioenergy partnerships in Canada. Participants often responded in ways that did not discretely fit into categories, but instead reflected a perspective on their own and their community's dimensions of social wellbeing, which we captured through open coding for emergent themes. Our findings on material wellbeing illustrate that relationships between different wellbeing dimensions need to be considered for community-appropriate bioenergy development.

Dual-task interference in right- and left-handers: typical laterality patterns are obtained despite reversal of baseline asymmetries.

Lateralized interference between concurrent cognitive and manual activities is used to infer cerebral hemisphere specialization for the cognitive activity. However, some evidence indicates that lateralized interference depends largely on manual asymmetry in the single-task (baseline) condition. To test the competing explanations, we asked 40 right-handed (RH) and 40 left-handed (LH) adults to key press and calculate concurrently. Baseline manual asymmetries were manipulated by increasing the complexity of the task performed by the dominant hand. Nevertheless, in the dual-task conditions, RHs showed more overall interference when performing with the right hand and LHs showed a nonsignificant tendency in the opposite direction. The results indicate that differential interference patterns, similar to those previously reported for right- and left-handers, may be obtained even when the usual baseline manual asymmetries are reversed.