"Don't fuss at our staff": A moral economy of volunteerism in South Carolina safety net clinics.

In South Carolina, a state that has foregone Medicaid expansion, working poor residents often rely on safety net clinics for medical care. This care often occurs far from major hospitals, in different, inferior, spaces where limited services are provided in lesser circumstances. The temporary and conditional aid provided in these clinics is meant as a last resort, but often serves as the only source of care for many working poor patients, who must manage the effects of sustained precarity and protracted immiseration with conditional aid provided by volunteers. Here I explore the function that volunteering plays in regulating patients' utilization, and ability to contest, the quality of safety net care. Using ethnographic examples and interview data I show how the needs of patients-referred to in the clinics as "clients"-are managed and contained by a moral economy of volunteer care. These reciprocal obligations of debt and duty preclude working poor patients from making demands of, or lodging complaints against, the free clinics' staff, due to their capacity as volunteers, and leaves the state's safety net effectively unassailable to accusations of inefficacy or neglect. Consequently, patients must defer care, ignore episodes of maltreatment, and ration and share prescription medications, lest they be considered recusant or deemed not sufficiently appreciative of the volunteer staff dedicating their time to them. As a result of this moral economy, the plight of the state's uninsured working poor residents goes under-recognized as the safety net absorbs their cases, hiding the attritional nature of the ostensibly free care they receive and ration.

Soft Skills: The Work of Communication and Persuasion Among Nurse Navigators in Hospital at Home Programs.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of soft skills in the work of Hospital at Home (HaH) nurse navigators. BACKGROUND: In HaH programs that employ them, nurse navigators are often responsible for identifying, assessing, referring, and educating potential HaH patients. The experiences of these navigators have gone understudied. METHODS: Researchers conducted semistructured interviews and observations with nurse navigators (n = 7) who collectively cover 14 North Carolina-based HaH sites. Navigators were asked to keep diaries of responses to directed questions. RESULTS: In their capacity as navigators, interviewees said they served several roles: intermediaries between hospital and HaH staff, interpreters of clinical knowledge for patients, and champions of, and educators for, the home-based program. The navigators noted that the interpersonal soft skills of building rapport, clear communication, and gentle persuasion were of the utmost importance in this work. CONCLUSIONS: The job descriptions of nurse navigators in HaH programs should fully reflect the breadth of their responsibilities, including time performing soft skilled labor. Also, training for these roles should include techniques to develop and refine these skills.

"I'm Just Sitting Now. Wondering.": Surviving the Wait for Disability.

In US states that have foregone Medicaid expansion, a disinvestment in general assistance programs has meant that disability benefits remain one of the few sources of cash assistance ostensibly available to uninsured working poor Americans. Yet among impoverished South Carolinians, economic hardship and ill-health often compound during the long, uncertain waits for a disability determination. Here I explore the peculiar vulnerabilities of working poor disability seekers living in an insurance gap of a state that has foregone Medicaid expansion; individuals that risk the protracted, injurious waiting for a chance at meaningful healthcare.

The Lived Experience of Already-Lonely Older Adults During COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: From the outset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, analysts warned that older populations, due to their age, chronic illnesses, and lack of technological facility, would suffer disproportionately from loneliness as they sheltered in place indefinitely. Several studies have recently been published on the impact of COVID-19-related loneliness among older populations, but little has been written about the experiences of already-lonely older individuals; those who had lived with persistent loneliness before the advent of COVID-19. This qualitative study sought to understand how already-lonely older individuals navigated and endured the social isolation of the pandemic. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Twelve semistructured interviews were conducted with individuals aged 65 or older who scored a 6 or above on the 3-item UCLA Loneliness Risk screening tool. Interviews were coded using the constant comparative method. Themes and understandings of loneliness that reoccurred within and across interviews were identified and collected. RESULTS: Already-isolated older interviewees did not necessarily experience the abject loneliness hypothesized by analysts. Most interviewees used longstanding arrangements, in place to mitigate loneliness and endure social isolation, to manage the social deprivation of COVID-19. As a result, their loneliness did not compound during long bouts of mandated social isolation. To the contrary, loneliness during the pandemic appeared to carry a new valence for interviewees, as COVID-19 imbued their isolation with new meaning, rendering their loneliness necessary and responsible. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Exploring individuals' subjective perceptions of loneliness can help provide a deeper understanding of what it means to be isolated and alone during COVID-19 and aid in designing strategies to mitigate loneliness.

Awake Prone Positioning Strategy for Nonintubated Hypoxic Patients with COVID-19: A Pilot Trial with Embedded Implementation Evaluation.

Rationale: Prone positioning is an appealing therapeutic strategy for nonintubated hypoxic patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but its effectiveness remains to be established in randomized controlled trials. Objectives: To identify contextual factors relevant to the conduct of a definitive clinical trial evaluating a prone positioning strategy for nonintubated hypoxic patients with COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a cluster randomized pilot trial at a quaternary care teaching hospital. Five inpatient medical service teams were randomly allocated to two treatment arms: 1) usual care (UC), consisting of current, standard management of hypoxia and COVID-19; or 2) the Awake Prone Positioning Strategy (APPS) plus UC. Included patients had positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing or suspected COVID-19 pneumonia and oxygen saturation less than 93% or new oxygen requirement of 3 L per minute or greater and no contraindications to prone positioning. Oxygenation measures were collected within 48 hours of eligibility and included nadir oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen (S/F) ratio and time spent with S/F ratio less than 315. Concurrently, we conducted an embedded implementation evaluation using semistructured interviews with clinician and patient participants to determine contextual factors relevant to the successful conduct of a future clinical trial. The primary outcomes were drawn from an implementation science framework including acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, effectiveness, equity, feasibility, fidelity, and penetration. Results: Forty patients were included in the cluster randomized trial. Patients in the UC group (n = 13) had a median nadir S/F ratio over the 48-hour study period of 216 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 95-303) versus 253 (95% CI, 197-267) in the APPS group (n = 27). Patients in the UC group spent 42 hours (95% CI, 13-47) of the 48-hour study period with an S/F ratio below 315 versus 20 hours (95% CI, 6-39) for patients in the APPS group. Mixed-methods analyses uncovered several barriers relevant to the conduct of a successful definitive randomized controlled trial, including low adherence to prone positioning, large differences between physician-recommended and patient-tolerated prone durations, and diffusion of prone positioning into usual care. Conclusions: A definitive trial evaluating the effect of prone positioning in nonintubated patients with COVID-19 is warranted, but several barriers must be addressed to ensure that the results of such a trial are informative and readily translated into practice.

Patient experience with enhanced recovery and early discharge after minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to describe patient experiences with an enhanced recovery protocol (ERP) after minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy (SCP). METHODS: We conducted 14 semi-structured telephone interviews with women who had undergone SCP and were discharged the day of the surgery (POD#0, n = 7) or spent 1 night at the hospital (POD#1, n = 7). Interviews occurred between 2 and 6 weeks after surgery. We explored the following topics: patient preparedness, preoperative education, physical recovery, emotional recovery, and overall perception of the ERP. Interviewing continued until thematic saturation was achieved. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to identify relevant themes. RESULTS: Both POD#0 and POD#1 discharge patients reported largely positive experiences regarding their preparation for surgery, at-home recovery, and access to follow-up care. Yet for some patients, the accelerated pace of the ERP felt rushed and was perceived as an absence of care rather than as an advance in treatment. Patients that elected to stay the night lived farther from ready access to care, had less robust systems of postoperative support, and worried more about the management of their pre-existing conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our research found that despite having consistently positive impressions of the ERP, patients shared common anxieties surrounding their surgeries including worries about access to care and the prospect of going home with a urinary catheter. Furthermore, we found that the therapeutic value of protocol recommendations such as early discharge must be made explicit to patients and often individualized to avoid being interpreted as sub-standard care.

Parent and Provider Preferences for Parenting Intervention Delivery in Rural Appalachia: A Qualitative Analysis Guiding Adaptation.

The public health impact of behavioral parent training (BPT) is limited, especially in underserved communities such as rural central Appalachia. To improve access to BPT in this region, we completed the first two steps of the ADAPT-ITT framework for systematic adaptation of evidence-based interventions: (1) assessing community perspectives about BPT delivery, and (2) deciding upon a specific intervention and adaptations needed to increase its acceptability and accessibility in rural central Appalachian counties. Guided by a community advisory board, we conducted key informant interviews with parents (N = 21) and three focus groups with child service providers to elicit stakeholders' perspectives about child behavior problems in their communities; existing resources; and preferences regarding four characteristics of BPT delivery: interventionist, modality, dose, and location. Results of directed content analysis led to the selection of local, trusted community health workers to deliver a brief, tailored BPT with flexibility in modality and location.

"I Want to See Those Memories": Social Affordances of Mobile Phone Cameras and Social Network Sites in Collegiate Drinking.

Alcohol use remains a prominent feature of American collegiate social life. Emerging technological developments, particularly the proliferation of mobile phone cameras and the easy sharing of digital images on social network sites, are now widely integrated into these drinking practices. This paper presents an exploratory study examining how 40 students on a mid-sized college campus in the interior Pacific Northwest incorporate these technologies into their drinking activities. Data from semi-structured interviews are considered within the theoretical framework of 'affordances', which classifies material technologies (camera phones, social network sites) as simultaneously inhabiting the role of artifact shaped by human action and of object that influences human conduct. Our data suggest that although contemporary college drinking reflects longstanding practices, cameras, digital images, and social media introduce new dimensions to college alcohol consumption and memory making processes. These technologies are used to chronicle and archive the festive, social aspects of drinking; commemorate the good times that make up the college experience, and capture proud or incautious displays of excessive drinking. Our examination of emergent college drinking practices seeks to extend understandings of contemporary trends in collegiate alcohol use beyond the discourse of risk and indiscretion to include other important social and cultural dimensions of these phenomena, including pro-social aspects of these practices and the social affordances provided by digital image sharing and reminiscing.

From mundane medicines to euphorigenic drugs: How pharmaceutical pleasures are initiated, foregrounded, and made durable.

BACKGROUND: Examining how pharmaceuticals are used to induce pleasure presents a unique opportunity for analyzing not only how pleasure is assembled and experienced through distinct consumption practices but also how mundane medicines can become euphorigenic substances. METHODS: Drawing on qualitative research on the non-medical use of prescription drugs by young adults in the United States, this paper utilizes Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to examine how prescription medicines come to produce pleasure. RESULTS: Our research found an indeterminacy of experience as individuals were initiated into prescription drug pleasures. We also found that euphorigenic effects coalesce and are foregrounded through subsequent use, and that pleasure and other forms of gratification are made durable through repeated and deliberate pharmaceutical consumption. CONCLUSION: Understanding how individuals are socialized into pharmaceutical pleasure, and how assemblages act to constitute the euphorigenic potential of pharmaceutical misuse, may allow for more context-appropriate intervention efforts. We suggest that the euphorigenic properties ascribed to prescription drugs are not inherent in their pharmaceutical formulations, but instead emerge through interactions within networks of heterogeneous actants.

Keeping workers safe: does provision of personal protective equipment match supervisor risk perceptions?

BACKGROUND: Although farm management may understand agriculture's risks, they may not provide personal protective equipment (PPE). This study describes thoroughbred farm management's risk perceptions, provision of PPE, and factors that influence its provision. METHODS: Thirty-five representatives from 26 farms participated in a 1-4hr semi-structured interview covering perceived risks associated with horse work and perspectives and provision of PPE. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, entered into ATLAS.ti, and analyzed by three coders. RESULTS: Management cited horse-related tasks as most dangerous, yet horse-related PPE as least provided because of 1) differences in farm context, 2) the belief that workers were most important agents in their safety, 3) lack of confidence in its effectiveness, and 4) the perception that risk could never be eliminated. CONCLUSIONS: PPE provision was limited by management's poor perceptions of its efficacy relative to other factors. Future research should explore workers' perceptions and PPE's effectiveness in averting horse-related injury.

A rural Appalachian faith-placed smoking cessation intervention.

Although health promotion programming in faith institutions is promising, most faith-based or placed health projects focus on diet, exercise, or cancer screening and many have been located in urban environments. This article addresses the notable absence of faith programming for smoking cessation among underserved rural US residents who experience tobacco-related health inequities. In this article, we describe our faith-oriented smoking cessation program in rural Appalachia, involving 590 smokers in 26 rural churches randomized to early and delayed intervention groups. We present three main themes that account for participants' positive evaluation of the program; the program's ability to leverage social connections; the program's convenience orientation; and the program's financial support for smoking cessation. We also present themes on the roles of faith and church in smoking cessation programming, including some mixed perceptions on smoking stigma and comfort in church settings; challenges in faith-placed smoking cessation recruitment; and the positive perception of such programming by church leaders. We conclude that faith-placed smoking cessation programs offer great potential, although they must be administered with great sensitivity to individual and community norms.

"Most of the time you already know": pharmaceutical information assembly by young adults on the internet.

This study examined the utilization of the Internet by young adults as a source of information for the misuse of prescription drugs. Collected during 2008-2009, the data presented here comes from semistructured interviews (N=62) conducted in a northwestern city of the United States through support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Previous studies characterize young adults as particularly vulnerable to online prescription drug information that analysts portray as having a significant, invariably detrimental, impact on youth drug use behaviors. The results presented here suggest that young adults are more skeptical and information savvy than many substance abuse analysts acknowledge. In addition, knowledge and experiences generated from legitimate medical uses of pharmaceuticals influence individuals' information assessment and evaluation practices employed in the nonmedical misuse of prescription drugs.