ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Craniofacial anthropometry is a valuable tool for characterization of facial dysmorphology and evaluation of treatment outcomes. Databases of normal anthropometric ranges are limited for infants. The aim of this study is to establish normative data for craniofacial anthropometric measurements in Caucasian infants. METHODS: This is a prospective cross-sectional study including Caucasian infants (≤12 months old) that were recruited from a pediatric medicine practice and Boston Children's Hospital. Infants with craniofacial deformities, trauma or operations were excluded. The sample was stratified by age (in months) into 4 groups: 0 to 3, 3.1 to 6, 6.1 to 9, and 9.1 to 12. Three dimensional (3D) photographs were obtained for all subjects. Forty-five standard anthropometric points were plotted, and 37 measurements were made on the 3D photographs. Two evaluators independently performed all measurements. One examiner repeated the measurements on 25% of the subjects. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to assess inter-rater and intra-rater agreement. RESULTS: Thirty-three subjects were enrolled in the study. The mean age for the entire sample was 6.3â±â3.0 months, and 17 subjects (52%) were female. The mean ages (months) for each group were: 1.9â±â0.7 for group 1 (nâ=â6); 4.4â±â0.7 for group 2 (nâ=â8); 7.5â±â1.1 for group 3 (nâ=â11); and 9.9â±â1.0 for group 4 (nâ=â8). Descriptive statistics are presented for each group. Inter- and intra-rater agreements were acceptable (ICCâ>0.6) for 21 anthropometric measurements. CONCLUSIONS: This study generated normative craniofacial anthropometric measurements for Caucasian infants. These data can be used in the interpretation of measurements for research studies evaluating craniofacial anomalies in this population.
Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Face/anatomy & histology , Algorithms , Anthropometry/methods , Biometry , Craniofacial Abnormalities , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Prospective Studies , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , White PeopleABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Deficiency of the median tubercle is a common residual deformity after repair of cleft lip. The purpose of this study was to analyze the change in labial contour after insertion of a dermis-fat graft. METHODS: Patients with repaired cleft lip who underwent secondary dermis-fat grafting of the median tubercle between 2012 and 2015, along with preoperative and greater than or equal to 3-month postoperative three-dimensional photographs, were included. The photographs were registered to one another and measurements made before and after grafting using anthropometric landmarks. Outcome variables included the following: labial surface area, midline labial height (ls-sto), and lateral labial height (cphi-sto'). RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included: 14 with unilateral and 11 with bilateral repaired cleft lip. Mean age at graft placement was 10.9 ± 3.2 years. Preoperative and postoperative three-dimensional images were taken at 13.6 ± 21.6 weeks before and 34.8 ± 25.1 weeks after the procedure, respectively. There were significant increases in labial surface area (11.5 percent; p = 0.019) and labial height (14.1 to 18.5 percent; p = 0.002) after grafting. Augmentation was greater in bilateral clefts (25.5 percent at midline and 16.8 percent laterally) compared with unilateral clefts (11.6 percent at midline and 12.5 percent on the grafted noncleft side). Intrarater and interrater reliability was excellent for all measurements. CONCLUSION: Dermis-fat grafting significantly increases contour of the median tubercle in patients with repaired cleft lip. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.
