Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Pregnancy , Humans , Female , COVID-19/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
The t(8;21) is one of the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The translocation, which involves the AML1 gene on chromosome 21 and the ETO gene on chromosome 8, generates an AML1-ETO fusion transcription factor. To examine the effect of the AML1-ETO fusion protein on leukemogenesis, we made transgenic mice in which expression of AML1-ETO is under the control of the human MRP8 promoter (hMRP8-AML1-ETO). AML1-ETO is specifically expressed in myeloid cells, including common myeloid progenitors of hMRP8-AML1-ETO transgenic mice. The transgenic mice were healthy during their life spans, suggesting that AML1-ETO alone is not sufficient for leukemogenesis. However, after treatment of newborn hMRP8-AML1-ETO transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates with a strong DNA-alkylating mutagen, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, 55% of transgenic mice developed AML and the other 45% of transgenic mice and all of the wild-type littermates developed acute T lymphoblastic leukemia. Our results provide direct evidence that AML1-ETO is critical for causing myeloid leukemia, but one or more additional mutations are required for leukemogenesis. The hMRP8-AML1-ETO-transgenic mice provide an excellent model that can be used to isolate additional genetic events and to further understand the molecular pathogenesis of AML1-ETO-related leukemia.
Subject(s)
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics , Mutation , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Animals , Antigens, Differentiation/genetics , Base Sequence , Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics , Calgranulin A , Carcinogens/toxicity , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics , Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit , DNA Primers/genetics , Ethylnitrosourea/toxicity , Gene Expression , Hematopoiesis/genetics , Humans , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Promoter Regions, Genetic , RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein , Translocation, GeneticABSTRACT
The fusion gene AML1-ETO is the product of t(8;21)(q22;q22), one of the most common chromosomal translocations associated with acute myeloid leukemia. To investigate the impact of AML1-ETO on hematopoiesis, tetracycline-inducible AML1-ETO-expressing cell lines were generated using myeloid cells. AML1-ETO is tightly and strongly induced upon tetracycline withdrawal. The proliferation of AML1-ETO(+) cells was markedly reduced, and most of the cells eventually underwent apoptosis. RNase protection assays revealed that the amount of Bcl-2 mRNA was decreased after AML1-ETO induction. Enforced expression of Bcl-2 was able to significantly delay, but not completely overcome, AML1-ETO-induced apoptosis. Prior to the onset of apoptosis, we also studied the ability of AML1-ETO to modulate differentiation. AML1-ETO expression altered granulocytic differentiation of U937T-A/E cells. More significantly, this change of differentiation was associated with the down-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), a key regulator of granulocytic differentiation. These observations suggest a dichotomy in the functions of AML1-ETO: (i) reduction of granulocytic differentiation correlated with decreased expression of C/EBPalpha and (ii) growth arrest leading to apoptosis with decreased expression of CDK4, c-myc, and Bcl-2. We predict that the preleukemic AML1-ETO(+) cells must overcome AML1-ETO-induced growth arrest and apoptosis prior to fulfilling their leukemogenic potential.
