ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Genetic factors determine bone mineral density (BMD) and peak bone density between 20 and 30 years of age, as well as bone mineral loss after menopause. BMD is a predictor of fractures due to osteoporosis and the impact of genetic factors on osteoporosis. The variation in BMD for each individual is determined by an underlying genetic structure, common genetic effects, particularly with respect to compact bones as compared to those that are primarily trabecular. This article presents the correlation of BMD by anatomical site among different samples of Mexican grandmothers, mothers and granddaughters of mixed race. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present analysis was performed of healthy employees and their healthy relatives from three different health and academic institutions: the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social and the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, both located in Cuernavaca, Morelos, as well as the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. We selected family-related female participants in order to obtain pairs of mothers and daughters and, whenever possible, grandmother-mother-daughter groups. We were able to match 591 mother-daughter pairs for analysis. Additionally, we were able to include grandmothers to create grandmother-mother-daughter triads for further analysis. Bone density measurements were performed of the non-dominant proximal femur, the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and the whole body using a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Lunar DPX NT instrument. RESULTS: This study included 591 granddaughters, 591 mothers and 69 grandmothers; mean ages were 20, 47 and 72 years old, respectively. A close relationship existed with respect to body mass index (BMI) between mothers and grandmothers (27.9 vs. 27.3). The largest proportion of body fat mass was observed in the group of mothers (28.5%), but was also high in grandmothers (25.7%) and granddaughters (21.1%). The percentage of lean body mass was similar among the three family groups. The correlation of BMD between mothers and grandmothers was greatest for subtotal BMD (0.44) and was very high for the hips (0.39). Using predictive models for hip BMD among grandmothers, mothers and grandchildren, we observed that hip BMD of grandmothers is a predictor of BMD in mothers, with a beta of 0.46 (p 0.001, CI95% 0.19-0.73); (R(2): 0.41). A predictor of BMD of the lumbar spine in grandchildren is BMD of the lumbar spine in mothers (beta 0.30 CI95% 0.07-0.53). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study suggest that daughters whose mothers have a low BMD for their age will tend to develop the same condition. This indicates the importance of monitoring for girls and adolescent females whose mothers have problems related to osteopenia or osteoporosis. It will therefore be necessary to conduct studies to identify the most significant genes and specific anatomical sites among our population for the purpose of establishing the polymorphic variants for high-risk in the Mexican population.
Subject(s)
Bone Density/genetics , Bone and Bones/physiology , Nuclear Family , Adult , Aged , Body Mass Index , Densitometry , Female , Genetic Testing , Humans , Mexico/ethnology , Thinness/genetics , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Genetic factors determine bone mineral density (BMD) and peak bone density between 20 and 30 years of age, as well as bone mineral loss after menopause. BMD is a predictor of fractures due to osteoporosis and the impact of genetic factors on osteoporosis. The variation in BMD for each individual is determined by an underlying genetic structure, common genetic effects, particularly with respect to compact bones as compared to those that are primarily trabecular. This article presents the correlation of BMD by anatomical site among different samples of Mexican grandmothers, mothers and granddaughters of mixed race. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present analysis was performed of healthy employees and their healthy relatives from three different health and academic institutions: the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social and the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, both located in Cuernavaca, Morelos, as well as the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. We selected family-related female participants in order to obtain pairs of mothers and daughters and, whenever possible, grandmother-mother-daughter groups. We were able to match 591 mother-daughter pairs for analysis. Additionally, we were able to include grandmothers to create grandmother-mother-daughter triads for further analysis. Bone density measurements were performed of the non-dominant proximal femur, the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and the whole body using a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Lunar DPX NT instrument. RESULTS: This study included 591 granddaughters, 591 mothers and 69 grandmothers; mean ages were 20, 47 and 72 years old, respectively. A close relationship existed with respect to body mass index (BMI) between mothers and grandmothers (27.9 vs. 27.3). The largest proportion of body fat mass was observed in the group of mothers (28.5 percent), but was also high in grandmothers (25.7 percent) and granddaughters (21.1 percent). The percentage of lean body mass was similar...
OBJETIVO: Factores genéticos determinan la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y el pico máximo de masa ósea entre los 20 y 30 años de edad, así como la pérdida de densidad mineral ósea después de la menopausia. La DMO es un predictor de fracturas debido a osteoporosis y el impacto de factores genéticos sobre esta. La variación en DMO para cada individuo es determinada genéticamente, en particular en lo que concierne a huesos compactos en comparación con aquellos que son principalmente trabeculares. Este artículo presenta la correlación de DMO por sitio anatómico entre abuelas, madres y nietas mexicanas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El presente análisis fue realizado en empleados sanos y sus familiares sanos de tres diferentes instituciones de salud e instituciones académicas: el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, ambos localizados en Cuernavaca, Morelos, así como la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Seleccionamos a participantes femeninos relacionados para obtener los pares de madres e hijas y siempre que fuera posible a las abuelas. Nos fue posible recolectar 591 pares de madre-hija para el análisis. Además de incluir a abuelas para crear tríadas abuela-madre-hija para el análisis. Las medidas de densidad ósea fueron realizadas del fémur proximal no dominante, espina lumbar (L1-L4) y DMO total mediante el instrumento DPX DXA Lunar NT. RESULTADOS: Este estudio incluyó a 591 nietas, 591 madres y 69 abuelas; la edad promedio fue 20, 47 y 72 años. Hay una relalción entre el índice de masa corporal (BMI) entre madres y abuelas de 27.9 contra 27.3. La proporción mayor de masa grasa de cuerpo fue observada en el grupo de madres (el 28.5 por ciento), pero también se observó alto en abuelas (el 25.7 por ciento) y nietas (el 21.1 por ciento). El porcentaje de masa magra fue similar entre los tres grupos. La correlación mayor de DMO entre madres y abuelas fue para el DMO subtotal (0.44), y para caderas (0.39)...