ABSTRACT
The equatorial tropics house some of the earliest rock art yet known, and it is weathering at an alarming rate. Here we present evidence for haloclasty (salt crystallisation) from Pleistocene-aged rock art panels at 11 sites in the Maros-Pangkep limestone karsts of southern Sulawesi. We show how quickly rock art panels have degraded in recent decades, contending that climate-catalysed salt efflorescence is responsible for increasing exfoliation of the limestone cave surfaces that house the ~ 45 to 20-thousand-year-old paintings. These artworks are located in the world's most atmospherically dynamic region, the Australasian monsoon domain. The rising frequency and severity of El Niño-induced droughts from anthropogenic climate change (that is, higher ambient temperatures and more consecutive dry days), combined with seasonal moisture injected via monsoonal rains retained as standing water in the rice fields and aquaculture ponds of the region, increasingly provide ideal conditions for evaporation and haloclasty, accelerating rock art deterioration.
Subject(s)
Anthropology, Cultural , Authoritarianism , Cultural Evolution , Family Characteristics , Family Health , Anthropology, Cultural/education , Anthropology, Cultural/history , Cultural Characteristics , Expressed Emotion/physiology , Family/ethnology , Family/psychology , Family Characteristics/ethnology , Family Health/ethnology , Family Relations/ethnology , Family Relations/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Marriage/ethnology , Marriage/history , Marriage/legislation & jurisprudence , Marriage/psychology , Men/education , Men/psychology , Men's Health/economics , Men's Health/ethnology , Men's Health/history , Men's Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Dominance , Socioeconomic Factors , Spouses/education , Spouses/ethnology , Spouses/history , Spouses/legislation & jurisprudence , Spouses/psychology , United Kingdom/ethnology , Women's Health/economics , Women's Health/ethnology , Women's Health/history , Women's Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Women's Rights/economics , Women's Rights/education , Women's Rights/history , Women's Rights/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
Regeneration of muscle following low-temperature destruction of tissue has not been extensively studied. Using light and transmission electron microscopy an investigation of this phenomenon was made in hamster tongue. Healing commenced 1 week after the operation and was of the continuous regeneration type in the least damaged muscle fibers. Healing was of the discontinuous or embryonic type in severely damaged muscle and myoblasts formed either within old intact endomysial tubes or separate from them. Healing with minimal scarring was well advanced 6 weeks after the operation.
Subject(s)
Cryosurgery , Muscles/physiology , Regeneration , Tongue/surgery , Animals , Cricetinae , Mesocricetus , Muscles/cytology , Tongue/physiologyABSTRACT
Although cryosurgery of oral tissues has been extensively studied, there is little information concerning healing and repapillation of the dorsum of the tongue. Using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, an investigation of the sequence of reformation of papillae was carried out in the hamster. Four days postoperatively there was mitotic activity and cell migration at the periphery of the wound. At the edge of the ulcer there were partially damaged tongue papillae with evidence of recovery. Damaged papillae had regenerated completely within 2 weeks. In the central ulcerated area, epithelium healed by migration and, within this new epithelium, tongue papillae commenced to form by a process similar to that seen in the fetal tongue. Repapillation of the central area of the lesion was complete 6 weeks after operation, leaving minimal scarring. The details of these processes are described.
