ABSTRACT
Capping off an era marred by drug development failures and punctuated by waning interest and presumed intractability toward direct targeting of KRAS, new technologies and strategies are aiding in the target's resurgence. As previously reported, the tetrahydropyridopyrimidines were identified as irreversible covalent inhibitors of KRASG12C that bind in the switch-II pocket of KRAS and make a covalent bond to cysteine 12. Using structure-based drug design in conjunction with a focused in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion screening approach, analogues were synthesized to increase the potency and reduce metabolic liabilities of this series. The discovery of the clinical development candidate MRTX849 as a potent, selective covalent inhibitor of KRASG12C is described.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Design , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Mice , Models, Molecular , Mutation , Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/chemistry , Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Despite decades of research, efforts to directly target KRAS have been challenging. MRTX849 was identified as a potent, selective, and covalent KRASG12C inhibitor that exhibits favorable drug-like properties, selectively modifies mutant cysteine 12 in GDP-bound KRASG12C, and inhibits KRAS-dependent signaling. MRTX849 demonstrated pronounced tumor regression in 17 of 26 (65%) KRASG12C-positive cell line- and patient-derived xenograft models from multiple tumor types, and objective responses have been observed in patients with KRASG12C-positive lung and colon adenocarcinomas. Comprehensive pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenomic profiling in sensitive and partially resistant nonclinical models identified mechanisms implicated in limiting antitumor activity including KRAS nucleotide cycling and pathways that induce feedback reactivation and/or bypass KRAS dependence. These factors included activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), bypass of KRAS dependence, and genetic dysregulation of cell cycle. Combinations of MRTX849 with agents that target RTKs, mTOR, or cell cycle demonstrated enhanced response and marked tumor regression in several tumor models, including MRTX849-refractory models. SIGNIFICANCE: The discovery of MRTX849 provides a long-awaited opportunity to selectively target KRASG12C in patients. The in-depth characterization of MRTX849 activity, elucidation of response and resistance mechanisms, and identification of effective combinations provide new insight toward KRAS dependence and the rational development of this class of agents.See related commentary by Klempner and Hata, p. 20.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
Subject(s)
Acetonitriles/therapeutic use , Adenocarcinoma of Lung/drug therapy , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Mutation , Piperazines/therapeutic use , Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/antagonists & inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics , Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use , Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics , Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology , Animals , Apoptosis , Cell Proliferation , Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic , Female , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred NOD , Mice, Nude , Mice, SCID , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Pyrimidines , Signal Transduction , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
KRAS is the most frequently mutated driver oncogene in human cancer, and KRAS mutations are commonly associated with poor prognosis and resistance to standard treatment. The ability to effectively target and block the function of mutated KRAS has remained elusive despite decades of research. Recent findings have demonstrated that directly targeting KRAS-G12C with electrophilic small molecules that covalently modify the mutated codon 12 cysteine is feasible. We have discovered a series of tetrahydropyridopyrimidines as irreversible covalent inhibitors of KRAS-G12C with in vivo activity. The PK/PD and efficacy of compound 13 will be highlighted.
