[Monitoring in surgery and resuscitation: current state, problems, and trends].

General problems of medical monitoring are discussed using monitoring in anesthesiology and resuscitation as an example. The current state of this important problem of biomedical engineering and perspectives of its further development based on sophisticated medical methods of measurement of vitally important parameters of patient are analyzed. The main emphasis was placed on the problems of collaboration between physicians and engineers in the development of monitoring systems and optimal information support of physicians during the use of monitoring systems in surgery and resuscitation. Special attention was devoted to facilitation of working conditions of physician with due regard to patient safety. The problems of appearance of monitoring errors, their origin, and approaches to their minimization are also discussed.

[Development of anesthetic and ventilation equipment at the ZAO "VNIIMP-VITA"].

The main stages of development of anesthetic and ventilation equipment at VNIIMP-VITA, Ltd., the leading organization in this area of biomedical engineering in Russia, are discussed. Results of collaboration with physicians, researchers, and manufacturers of anesthetic and ventilation equipment are considered. In addition to historical aspects, contemporary problems of development of anesthetic and ventilation equipment at VNIIMP-VITA, Ltd. are reviewed.

[An analysis of the prospects for elaboration and production of narcosis and respiratory equipment]. / Analiz perspektiv razrabotki i proizvodstva narkozno-dykhatel'noi apparatury v Rossii.

The narcosis-and-respiratory equipment (NRE) is one of the most important categories of equipment in health care. The article contains analytical data on the structure of NRE and sales statistics; a classification of the methods of ventilation support is presented, the appearance of NRE types, developed by ZAO "VNIIMP-VITA" and serially manufactured, is described.

[Status and prospects of the development of anesthesia-respiratory equipment]. / Sostoianie i perspektivy razvitiia narkozno-dykhatel'noi apparatury.

Anesthesia-respiratory equipment (ARE) mainly including assisted ventilation apparatuses, inhalation anesthesia apparatuses, as well as the monitors employed in the use of these apparatuses are and will be the lead on the market of medical equipment in Russia. Therefore it is important to consider the immediate prospects of ARE development. For each of the above three types of ARE, the paper briefly lists the current and promising applications, the sites of their use, procedures, principal quantitative requirement and design. It refers to the most specific Russian and foreign items. The authors outline their own views of the immediate tasks of ARE design in Russia.

[The creation and manufacture of anesthetic respiratory equipment based on a complex systems approach]. / Sozdanie i proizvodstvo narkozno-dykhatel'noi apparatury na osnove sistemno-kompleksnogo podkhoda.

The systems complex approach is essential for designing and manufacturing anesthetic respiratory equipment due to its great medical significance, a wide range, complexity, and rigid requirements for reliability. The system in question includes the subsystem "apparatus", "patient", and "operator" in each a considerable factors considering the existing features of designing, equipping the therapeutical institutions, as well as traditions, manufacturing characteristics, potential risks, etc. The application of this approach is analyzed by using the Spiron-type artificial lung ventilation and Polynarkon-type inhalation anesthetic apparatuses as examples.

[The standardization of equipment for artificial pulmonary ventilation and inhalation anesthesia in Russia]. / Standartizatsiia apparatov dlia iskusstvennoi ventiliatsii legkikh i ingaliatsionnogo narkoza v Rossii.

Basic trends in the standardization of anesthetic and respiratory equipment are considered. Its important impact on the functional characteristics, safety, and specific features in the manufacture of apparatuses, for artificial lung and ventilation anesthesia are stressed. A brief review of the system of standards that apply to this important type of medical equipment is given. The need for taking into account the international standards which reflect the global practice of design and use of anesthetic and respiratory equipment is emphasized. Basic difficulties in applying the standards are due to a great number of various normative documents, a more strict and frequently formal approach that exists in Russia for meeting the specifications, weak effectualness of standards for components used in general engineering. Topical tasks to harmonize the requirements for standards, to make consideration of the existing features of design, production, and use better, and to expand the requirements for the functional characteristics of equipment are set.

[System of technical facilities for equipping the anesthesiologist's work place in the operating room]. / Kompleks teknicheskikh sredstv dlia osnashcheniia rabochego mesta anesteziologa v operatsionnoi.

The authors proved the advisability of complex technical provision for certain functional cycles, or parts of medical technological process. The example given is a modification of working place for anesthesiologist at the operating theatre. Principle and additional devices included in the complex are specified.