Feasibility and clinical utility of handheld fundus cameras for retinal imaging.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Handheld fundus cameras are portable and cheaper alternatives to table-top counterparts. To date there have been no studies comparing feasibility and clinical utility of handheld fundus cameras to table-top devices. We compare the feasibility and clinical utility of four handheld fundus cameras/retinal imaging devices (Remidio NMFOP, Volk Pictor Plus, Volk iNview, oDocs visoScope) to a table-top camera (Zeiss VisucamNM/FA). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Healthy participants (n = 10, mean age ± SD = 21.0 ± 0.9 years) underwent fundus photography with five devices to assess success/failure rates of image acquisition. Participants with optic disc abnormalities (n = 8, mean age ± SD = 26.8 ± 15.9) and macular abnormalities (n = 10, mean age ± SD = 71.6 ± 15.4) underwent imaging with the top three scoring fundus cameras. Images were randomised and subsequently validated by ophthalmologists masked to the diagnoses and devices used. RESULTS: Image acquisition success rates (100%) were achieved in non-mydriatic and mydriatic settings for Zeiss, Remidio and Pictor, compared with lower success rates for iNview and oDocs. Image quality and gradeability were significantly higher for Zeiss, Remidio and Pictor (p < 0.0001) compared to iNview and oDocs. For cup:disc ratio estimates, similar levels of bias were seen for Zeiss (-0.09 ± SD:0.15), Remidio (-0.07 ± SD:0.14) and Pictor (-0.05 ± SD:0.16). Diagnostic sensitivities were highest for Zeiss (84.9%; 95% CI, 78.2-91.5%) followed by Pictor (78.1%; 95% CI, 66.6-89.5%) and Remidio (77.5%; 95% CI, 65.9-89.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Remidio and Pictor achieve comparable results to the Zeiss table-top camera. Both devices achieved similar scores in feasibility, image quality, image gradeability and diagnostic sensitivity. This suggests that these devices potentially offer a more cost-effective alternative in certain clinical scenarios.

Lacrimal gland biopsies-results from a tertiary centre in the UK.

PURPOSE: To report the histopathological results of lacrimal gland biopsies over a 21-year period in a tertiary referral centre in the United Kingdom. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the largest series to be published in the United Kingdom. METHODS: A retrospective observational review was carried out for patients who underwent lacrimal gland biopsies in a tertiary referral centre at the University Hospitals of Leicester, United Kingdom between the years of 2000 and 2021. RESULTS: Lacrimal gland biopsies were performed on 248 patients during the specified 21-year period. They comprised 157 (63.3%) females and 91 (36.7%) males. The mean age at presentation was 50.8 years (range 15-94 years). The majority of patients were Caucasian (69.4%, n = 172) followed by Asians (25.0%, n = 62), African/Afro-Caribbean (4.8%, n = 12) and other ethnicities (0.8%, n = 2). The most common histopathological diagnosis was chronic inflammation dacryoadenitis (69.0%, n = 171) followed by lymphomas (15.3%, n = 38). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that chronic inflammation accounts for the majority of histopathological diagnosis followed by lymphoproliferative disorders.

Prevalence, indications and demographic characteristics of Botulinum neurotoxin use in a tertiary oculoplastic centre.

OBJECTIVES: Over the past 40 years, Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment has been used in many presentations to the hospital eye service. There is little published on its practice in an ophthalmology setting. We aim to report on the prevalence of BoNT use, indications for treatment, age, gender, socioeconomic and ethnic variations observed, and dosages used. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cross sectional observation study on the use of botulinum neurotoxin treatment in the oculoplastic department of a busy tertiary centre in the University Hospitals of Leicester, United Kingdom. RESULTS: The prevalence of BoNT in the service was 13.7 per 100,000 people. Of the 145 cases identified, the commonest indications for treatment were hemifacial spasm (62% of cases) and blepharospasm (29% of cases). Proportionally, twice as many females than males received BoNT (χ2 = 17.3, p < 0.0001). For those >30 years of age, the prevalence increased with age with those >90 years having a seven times higher prevalence than the mean. Overall, no significant differences were found in ethnicity and median index of multiple deprivation rank between those with treatment and the general population although specific district council variations were noted. CONCLUSIONS: These findings would assist commissioners in providing adequate resources to meet demand based on the demographics of their local population. Further qualitative and quantitative research is required to enhance our understanding of some of these trends.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on eye emergencies.

BACKGROUND: To characterise and compare ocular pathologies presenting to an emergency eye department (EED) during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 against an equivalent period in 2019. METHODS: Electronic patient records of 852 patients in 2020 and 1818 patients in 2019, attending the EED at a tertiary eye centre (University Hospitals of Leicester, UK) were analysed. Data was extracted over a 31-day period during: (study period 1 (SP1)) COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in UK (24th March 2020-23rd April 2020) and (study period 2 (SP2)) the equivalent 2019 period (24th March 2019-23rd April 2019). RESULTS: A 53% reduction in EED attendance was noted during lockdown. The top three pathologies accounting for >30% of the caseload were trauma-related, keratitis and uveitis in SP1 in comparison to conjunctivitis, trauma-related and blepharitis in SP2. The overall number of retinal tears and retinal detachments (RD) were lower in SP1, the proportion of macula-off RD's (84.6%) was significantly (p = 0.0099) higher in SP1 (vs 42.9% in SP2). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 pandemic related lockdown has had a significant impact on the range of presenting conditions to the EED. Measures to stop spread of COVID-19 such as awareness of hand hygiene practices, social distancing measures and school closures could have an indirect role in reducing spread of infective conjunctivitis. The higher proportion of macula-off RD and lower number of retinal tears raises possibility of delayed presentation in these cases. Going forward, we anticipate additional pressures on EED and other subspecialty services due to complications and associated morbidity from delayed presentations.

An outbreak of adenovirus D8 keratoconjunctivitis in Leicester, United Kingdom, from March to August 2019.

We report a large epidemic (n = 126) of keratoconjunctivitis predominantly with two lineages of adenovirus (AdV) type D8 in patients seen in eye casualty between march and August 2019. Other AdV species identified by viral sequencing included B, C, and E. Despite various features of more severe eye disease being present, these were not significantly different between the different AdV species, with similar rates of pseudomembrane formation and keratitis observed in patients with AdV species B as for those with AdV species D.

Fronto-orbital mucocele and orbital involvement in occult obstructive frontal sinus disease.

AIMS: To describe the clinical features of orbital involvement arising from occult obstructive frontal sinus disease and to highlight key features to aid diagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective review of the case notes of 15 patients who presented to three regional oculoplastics units over a 7-year period were reviewed. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, relevant medical history, microbiology results, imaging, management and outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age of our patients was 55 years. Pain was the presenting feature in 8 patients while 14 presented with upper lid swelling and redness. This swelling was medial in 60% and diffuse in 40% of patients. Proptosis was noted in 11 patients. The correct diagnosis was suspected in only 53% of patients at the time of first presentation to an ophthalmologist. The mean time from onset of symptoms to the time of correct diagnosis was 53 weeks (median 3 weeks). On direct questioning, eight patients reported a previous history of intermittent upper lid swelling and eight patients had a past history of sinusitis or frontal sinus trauma. CONCLUSIONS: We present a large series of patients with occult sinus disease presenting with orbital involvement. As patients with this potentially life-threatening condition are often misdiagnosed, we hope this paper draws the ophthalmologist's attention to key pearls in the history and examination to make a prompt diagnosis.

Optic nerve sheath fenestration for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a seven year review of visual outcomes in a tertiary centre.

PURPOSE: To determine visual outcomes of patients with Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), who underwent optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF), utilising the two most commonly used tools for monitoring visual function (visual acuity and visual fields) and a third less commonly used tool, colour vision. METHODS: A retrospective study of ONSF patients from 2004 to 2011. Patients' symptoms, body mass index, CSF opening pressure, and visual outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: ONSF's were carried out on 31 eyes of 14 patients. 64% were female and 36% were male. The most predominant symptom was a headache (93%). 71% of patients had a BMI>30. The average CSF opening pressure was 36mmHg (range 22-64). Post ONSF, visual acuity (VA) improved in 24.1%, remained stable in 62.1% and worsened in 13.8% of operated eyes. 6% were lost to follow up. Visual fields (VF) were reliable in 48% of operated eyes. Of these 33.4% improved, 53.3% remained the same and 13.3% worsened. Colour vision (CV) improved or remained stable in 87%, and worsened in 13% of operated eyes. 4 patients had tertiary procedures (LP or VP shunts). ONSF resulted in statistically significant improvement/stabilisation in visual acuity, visual fields and colour vision. Most importantly, this was not dependent on the body mass index. CONCLUSION: ONSF is a safe procedure in experienced hands. It predominantly stabilises visual function in majority of maximally medicated patients but also offers improved visual function to some patients. Colour vision monitoring is a useful adjunct in patient with unreliable visual fields. Unfortunately patients whose visual function deteriorated despite maximal medical and surgical treatment were often those who presented late or had a delay in their clinical diagnosis.

The "leicester lasso" lateral canthoplasty.

PURPOSE: To describe an innovative technique of lateral canthal tendon (LCT) anchoring to the lateral orbital rim on its inner aspect using a "lasso" technique, in order to provide the ideal vector. METHODS: A retrospective case review of seven patients (n = 7), performed from 2009 to 2013 at our institution by the senior author (RGS). RESULTS: Excellent results in all cases with optimal restoration of form and function. CONCLUSIONS: The 'Leicester Lasso' technique is a safer technique of securing the LCT to the orbital rim.

Inverting sutures for tarsal ectropion (the leicester modified suture technique).

PURPOSE: To describe a simple technique to correct tarsal lower eyelid ectropion with or without marked eyelid laxity (The Leicester Modified Suture technique). METHODS: A retrospective interventional case series of patients undergoing correction of tarsal ectropion with inverting sutures. The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. RESULTS: Twenty patients (25 eyelids) met the inclusion criteria. The success of the procedure was assessed by improvement of symptoms, eyelid position, and the need for reoperation. The mean postoperative follow up was 3.6 months (range 2-15 months). Eighteen patients (90%) had a successful outcome, while in 2 patients (10%) the outcome was satisfactory, as there was mild residual eversion of the eyelids. None of the patients required reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Tarsal lower eyelid ectropion can be surgically challenging to correct via the transconjunctival plication or subciliary reattachment of retractors. This method is simple to use, resulting in an excellent outcome with no tissue dissection. This technique is easy to learn and implement for oculoplastic surgeons at all levels of experience.

A prospective, multicentre study of malignant and premalignant lesions at the base of periocular cutaneous horns.

PURPOSE: The primary objective of the study was to determine the incidence of the various pathological conditions present at the base of the periocular cutaneous horns. The secondary objective was to study the presentation of these cutaneous horns with a view to finding any clinical indicators for premalignant, malignant and benign lesions at the base. METHODS: Prospective multicentre study of patients presenting with cutaneous horns. Informed consent followed by excision biopsy of the base lesion was performed in all the cases included for the study. The biopsy specimens were examined histologically and results analysed. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients presented with cutaneous horns in the periocular region over a period of 2 years, of these two patients presented with more than one cutaneous horn. 23 patients underwent excision biopsy. There were a total of 25 specimens. Of the base lesions 2/25 (8%) were malignant, 7/25 (28%) were pre-malignant and the remaining 16/25 (64%) were benign. Analysis of the findings on clinical presentation revealed no clinical indicators to correlate with the final histology. CONCLUSION: The incidence of malignant and pre-malignant lesions present at the base of periocular cutaneous horns was 36% with 8% of them being malignant. It is important to perform an excision biopsy with histological diagnosis of the base of the cutaneous horn as there are no definite clinical features that point towards a potential for malignancy.

Periorbital Masson's tumor: a case series.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) or Masson's tumor is an unusual variety of benign vascular tumor. Involvement of periorbital area is uncommon. We report 2 cases of periorbital IPEH and review relevant literature.

The role of intravenous methylprednisolone immunosuppression in the management of active thyroid eye disease.

PURPOSE: To analyze the efficacy of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) immunosuppression in the management of active thyroid eye disease (TED). METHODS: This is a consecutive case series of 36 patients treated with 1 g of IVMP over 3 days, between January 2000 and January 2008. The indications for this treatment were moderate to severe active TED with or without optic nerve compression. RESULTS: There were 32 hyperthyroid, 2 hypothyroid, and 2 euthyroid patients in this series. Nine patients presented with optic nerve compromise, 3 had severe active TED and 24 had moderately active TED. Twenty-seven patients received one course of IVMP and nine patients received two courses. All patients had tapering oral prednisolone over 1 month following the IVMP. The mean improvement in proptosis was 1.31 mm (range = 0-3 mm). Optic nerve function improved in seven of nine patients (77.8%). Extra ocular muscle movement improved in 18 patients (50%). Overall benefit from IVMP was seen at 1/12 in 27 patients (75%) and at 3/12 in 30 patients (83%). After IVMP one patient underwent radiotherapy and three patients had nonsteroidal immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS: IVMP immunosuppression is effective in 83% of patients. The effect lasts from 3 months to 8 years, with a mean of 15 months in 30.5%. It remains a useful modality of treatment especially when the optic nerve or cornea is threatened because of moderate to severe active TED. We encountered no severe side effects of pulsed IVMP and 3 g over 3 days is a safe dose.