ABSTRACT
The bacteriophage ΦAb-Sp7 was isolated from the cells of the Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. The morphology, size of the gram-negative colonies, and range of lytic activity against other strains and species of the genus Azospirillum was tested. The isolated phage DNA was examined using electrophoretic and restriction analysis, and the size of the genome were established. The electron microscopy. resuIts show that the phage (capsid) has a strand-like form. The electron microscopy study of the bacteriophage ΦAb-Sp7 adsorption on the A. brasilense Sp7 bacterial surface was performed.
Subject(s)
Azospirillum brasilense/virology , Bacteriophages/genetics , DNA, Viral/chemistry , Genome, Viral , Adsorption , Azospirillum brasilense/chemistry , Azospirillum brasilense/ultrastructure , Bacteriophages/growth & development , Bacteriophages/ultrastructure , Capsid/ultrastructure , DNA Restriction Enzymes/chemistry , Genome Size , Lysogeny , Restriction MappingABSTRACT
Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 with mixed flagellation are able to form biofilms on various surfaces. A nonflagellated mutant of this strain with inactivated chromosomal copy of the flhB gene (flhB1) was shown to exhibit specific traits at the later stages of biofilm formation on a hydrophilic (glass) surface. Mature biofilms of the flhB1::Omegon-Km mutant Sp245.1063 were considerably thinner than those of the parent strain Sp245. The biofilms of the mutant were more susceptible to the forces of hydrodynamic shear. A. brasilense Sp245 cells in biofilms were not found to possess lateral flagella. Cells with polar flagella were, however, revealed by atomic force microscopy of mature native biofilms of strain Sp245. Preservation of a polar flagellum (probably nonmotile) on the cells of A. brasilense Sp245 may enhance the biofilm stability.
Subject(s)
Azospirillum brasilense/ultrastructure , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Biofilms/growth & development , Flagella/ultrastructure , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Mutagenesis, Insertional , Azospirillum brasilense/genetics , Azospirillum brasilense/isolation & purification , Azospirillum brasilense/metabolism , Biomechanical Phenomena , Flagella/genetics , Flagella/metabolism , Gene Expression , Hydrodynamics , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Membrane Proteins/deficiency , Microscopy, Atomic Force , Microscopy, Electron , Phenotype , Plant Roots/microbiology , Protein Isoforms/deficiency , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Surface Properties , Symbiosis , Triticum/microbiologyABSTRACT
Plant-associated nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria Azospirillum brasilense were shown to reduce the gold of chloroauric acid to elemental gold, resulting in formation of gold nanoparicles. Extracellular phenoloxidizing enzymes (laccases and Mn peroxidases) were shown to participate in reduction of Au+3 (HAuCl4) to Au(0). Transmission electron microscopy revealed accumulation of colloidal gold nanoparticles of diverse shape in the culture liquid of A. brasilense strains Sp245 and Sp7. The size of the electron-dense nanospheres was 5 to 50 nm, and the size of nanoprisms varied from 5 to 300 nm. The tentative mechanism responsible for formation of gold nanoparticles is discussed.
Subject(s)
Azospirillum brasilense/metabolism , Gold/metabolism , Nanoparticles/metabolism , Azospirillum brasilense/growth & development , Chlorides , Gold Compounds , Laccase/metabolism , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Peroxidases/metabolism , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
This is the first study to demonstrate that the medicinal basidiomycete Lentinula edodes can reduce gold (III) ions from hydrogen tetrachloaurate (chloroauric acid) H[AuCl4] to the elementary state with the formation of spherical nanoparticles (nanospheres). When a culture was grown under submerged conditions in the presence of chloroauric acid, the appearance of an intense purple-red color of L. edodes filamentous hyphae was recorded, which indicates that gold ions were reduced to gold nanoparticles. Using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence, we observed accumulation of colloidal gold by the fungal mycelium in the form of electron-dense nanospheres of 5 to 50 nm in diameter on the surface and inside fungal cells.
