Evaluating Vitamin C in Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin C Monotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether IV vitamin C therapy reduces 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock. DESIGN: Multicenter, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: One academic medical ICU and four community ICUs. PATIENTS: Of 167 adult patients within 24 hours of vasopressor initiation for septic shock, 126 consented to participation, and 124 received study drug and were included in analysis. INTERVENTIONS: IV vitamin C (10 mg/mL in normal saline) administered as a 1,000-mg bolus over 30 minutes followed by continuous infusion of 250 mg/hr for 96 hours or placebo of equal volumes of normal saline. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 124 subjects receiving study drug and included in analysis, 60 received vitamin C and 64 placebo. The primary outcome of all-cause 28-day mortality (vitamin C, 26.7%; placebo, 40.6%; p = 0.10) was lower in the vitamin C arm but did not reach statistical significance. Initiation of renal replacement therapy was higher in the vitamin C arm (vitamin C, 16.7%; placebo, 3.3%; p = 0.015), as was volume of fluid administration within 6 hours of study drug initiation (vitamin C, 1.07 L; placebo, 0.76 L; p = 0.03). There were no statistically significant differences in other secondary outcomes. In post hoc subgroup analysis, there was a decrease in 28-day mortality in the vitamin C arm among patients requiring positive-pressure ventilation at the time of enrollment (vitamin C, 36.3%; placebo, 60.0%; p = 0.05). This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov under identifier NCT03338569. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin C monotherapy failed to significantly reduce mortality in septic shock patients as hypothesized. Our findings do not support its routine clinical use for this purpose.

Clinical and Sociocultural Factors Associated With Failure to Escalate Care of Deteriorating Patients.

In-hospital medical emergencies occur frequently. Understanding how clinicians respond to deteriorating patients outside the intensive care unit (ICU) could improve "rescue" interventions and rapid response programs. This was a qualitative study with interviews with 40 clinicians caring for patients who had a "Code Blue" activation or an unplanned ICU admission at teaching hospitals over 7 months. Four study physicians independently analyzed interview transcripts; refined themes were linked to the transcript using text analysis software. Nine themes were found to be associated with clinicians' management of deteriorating patients. Multiple human biases influence daily care for deteriorating hospitalized patients. A novel finding is that "moral distress" affects escalation behavior for patients with poor prognosis. Most themes indicate that ward culture influences clinicians to wait until the last minute to escalate care despite being worried about the patients' condition.