ABSTRACT
One thousand and ninety-four normal human kidneys and 18 abnormal (with duplication of the ureter) were studied by the corrosion method and pyelography followed by topometric and mathematics analyses. It was found that the renal pelvis is a calicopelvic complex built up of renal calices, urine ducts and renal pelvis. Before opening into the renal pelvis, renal calices join together forming urine ducts (superior and inferior; or superior, middle and inferior; or superior, middle anterior, middle posterior and inferior) which transport urine to the container, the renal pelvis. It can be seen that groups of renal calices with pyramids and their surrounding cortical substance form the renal excretory sectors of the kidneys where the processes of uropoiesis and transportation of urine through elements of the nephron and calicopelvic complex take place. These are two (superior and inferior), three (superior, middle and inferior) or four (superior, middle anterior, middle posterior and inferior) renal excretory sectors. The existence of renal excretory sectors is proved by congenital anomalies of the calicopelvic complex such as duplication of the ureter, where urine ducts of the superior and inferior renal excretory sectors do not form a renal pelvis but run separately to the urinary bladder. On the basis of anatomical data obtained, renal excretory sectors may be distinguished, analogous to bronchopulmonary segments in lungs. These data about renal excretory sectors will contribute to further improvement in the operative technique of renal partial resections as well as to anatomical nomenclature.
Subject(s)
Kidney Calices/anatomy & histology , Kidney Pelvis/anatomy & histology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Anatomical and echographic data have been compared in 35 mature human kidneys. Ultrasound anatomy of the kidney has been verified. It has been stated that the central part of the renal echogram is occupied by the zone of intensive echosignals, that corresponds not to the calyceal complex, as it had been considered previously, but to the renal sinus. The renal sinus filled with fatty tissue and small arterial and venous vessels, their diameter is below the resolving power of the ultrasound device, is visualized as fused intensive echosignals of an elongated form, when the renal scanning is longitudinal, and as oval or round -- when the scanning is transversal. The calyceal-pelvic complex, filled with liquor, is presented as an anechogenic branching structure, situating within the zone of an increased echogeneity. The echographic picture of the calyceal-pelvic complex is always fragmentary: as small anechogenic areas in the hyperechogenic zone mentioned (the small pelvic calyces), or an excentrically situated anechogenic zone near the hilus renalis (the renal pelvis). In order to make the echographic investigations more accurate, it is necessary to follow certain methodical requirements, anatomical comparisons including.
Subject(s)
Kidney/anatomy & histology , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Anthropometry , Humans , Kidney/diagnostic imaging , Kidney Calices/anatomy & histology , Kidney Calices/diagnostic imaging , Kidney Pelvis/anatomy & histology , Kidney Pelvis/diagnostic imaging , Middle Aged , Radiography , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
By means of injection into the hollow system of the semiharden plastic "Protacryl" and tomometry, 157 human kidneys have been studied at the age of 20-90 years (117 man and 40 women). Size, form, number, and character of position of the calyces renales minores (CRM) have been determined. Basing on the diameter of the fornix, three groups are distinguished: large (15-25 mm), middle (6-14 mm) and small (2-5 mm) CRM, and according to the length of the infundibulum-long (15-25 mm), middle (8-14 mm) and short (up to 7 mm). Total amount of the CRM is from 3 up to 20. The geometrical model of arrangement in the space (3-2-3) is obtained correspondingly to superior, middle and inferior parts of the kidney and probability of revealing is determined. The CRM topography in the threedimentional space is described and indices of the calyx-pelvic system length are calculated for the whole and for each CRM separately. The data obtained are recommended to take into account in urological practice, when certain organ-preserving operations are performed.
