Fatores determinantes na escolha de um cirurgião plástico / Determining factors in choosing a plastic surgeon

Introdução: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo entender os fatores que determinam a escolha de um cirurgião plástico, na visão dos pacientes. É um projeto piloto que deve ser ampliado e aprofundado em outros estudos. Método: Foi idealizada uma pesquisa com 22 perguntas de múltipla escolha na forma de questionário. O tempo médio de resposta era de 8 minutos. As perguntas abordavam vários aspectos como a indicação/formação/titulação do cirurgião, percepção da primeira consulta e do consultório. Não havia possibilidade de identificação da paciente ou do cirurgião. O anonimato era garantido. Resultados: O índice de resposta foi de 86,66%. A maioria (92,22%) era do sexo feminino, com idade média de 35 anos. A maior parte tinha ensino médio e superior completos, com ganho familiar médio mensal de R$ 2 a 10 mil. Quase 40% não sabiam da titulação do cirurgião escolhido e 33,7% não sabia o tempo de formação do mesmo. A maioria (81,6%) acredita ter pago um valor na média pela sua cirurgia e metade não pesquisou a apresentação online do cirurgião. A maioria (67%) não tinha feito nenhuma cirurgia plástica previamente. Foi apresentada uma lista de 10 itens em ordem decrescente de importância. Conclusões: Os fatores determinantes para a escolha do cirurgião plástico nesta amostra, em ordem decrescente são: 1-Indicação, 2-Titulação e 3-Primeira consulta. Preço não está entre os primeiros atributos e apresentação online foi um dos últimos itens citados. Uma parte significativa dos pesquisados não conhece a titulação e nem o tempo de formação do seu cirurgião.

Introduction: This study aims to understand the factors that determine the choice of a plastic surgeon from the patient's perspective. This is a pilot project, which should be broadened and deepened by other studies. Method: A survey was devised in the form of a questionnaire with 22 multiple choice questions. The average response time was 8 minutes. The questions addressed various aspects, such as the recommendation, training, and accreditation of the surgeon; perception of the first consultation; and the clinic. There was no possibility of identifying the patient or surgeon; hence, anonymity was guaranteed. Results: The response rate was 86.66%. The majority (92.22%) of the respondents were female, with a mean age of 35 years. Most had completed secondary and higher education, with an average monthly family income of R$ 2,000 to 10,000. Almost 40% did not know the accreditation of the surgeon chosen and 33.7% did not know the length of training the surgeon had undergone. The majority (81.6%) believed they had paid an average amount for their surgery and half did not research the surgeon's online profile. The majority (67%) had not undergone any previous plastic surgery. A list of 10 items in descending order of importance was presented. Conclusions: The determining factors for the choice of the plastic surgeon in this sample, in descending order were: 1) Recommendation, 2) Accreditation, and 3) First consultation. Price was not the most important factor and online presence was one of the last items cited. A significant proportion of respondents did not know either the accreditation level or the length of training of their surgeon.

Mandibular distraction in hemifacial microsomia is not a permanent treatment: a long-term evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Hemifacial microsomia presents with abnormalities including short ramus, absence of condyle, abnormal canting, deviated chin, and facial asymmetry. Many studies about distraction osteogenesis have been published over the last 20 years, but without long-term follow-up. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients with unilateral craniofacial microsomia who were treated with mandible distraction and with follow-up of more than 5 years. METHODS: The following retrospective study was evaluated and approved by the Assistance Center for Cleft Lip and Palate. Data were compiled from the charts of 33 patients with hemifacial microsomia who underwent unilateral mandible distraction. RESULTS: Average age at time of procedure was 7.3 years, with an average degree of distraction of 20 mm. Seventy percent of cases were treated with internal distraction, 30% external. Follow-up varied between 5 and 15 years, with a mean follow-up of 9 years. Ninety percent of the 33 patients in the study had recurrence of their asymmetry. Mean time to postsurgical recurrence was 44 months. Thirty patients were referred for orthognathic surgery. Six patients have already undergone corrective bimaxillary surgery. One patient underwent genioplasty only, and 1 patient underwent genioplasty with orthognathic jaw surgery. Twenty-two patients are awaiting orthognathic surgery, including one with temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Only 3 subjects had good outcomes, without signs of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Bone distraction once seemed a promising long-term option for treatment of craniofacial microsomia. However, this has not proven effective for all cases, and most patients needed subsequent orthognathic surgery.

Oral-nasal-ocular cleft: the greatest challenge among the rare clefts.

INTRODUCTION: Number 3 cleft or oral-nasal-ocular cleft is a well-known entity that was described by Morian over a century ago. This malformation is a paranasal-medial orbitomaxillary cleft running across the lacrimal segment of the lower eyelid and over the lacrimal groove. The Tessier number 3 naso-ocular cleft represents one of the most difficult and challenging malformations to correct for the reconstructive surgeon. We have conducted a retrospective analysis of our series consisting of 21 cases. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to review the functional outcome and aesthetic results of the different techniques applied for each case. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1997 to 2007, 21 patients with a Tessier number 3 cleft were treated in our craniofacial units. The clinical findings, tomographic studies, and surgical procedures were reviewed and analyzed. We have discussed our protocol of the treatment. RESULTS: We have treated facial malformation in 2 craniofacial centers. Fourteen patients were evaluated in the first year of their life, with an average age at presentation of 3 years. Twelve patients were female, and 9 were male; 6 patients had amniotic bands in limbs, 5 patients had an association with Tessier number 11 cleft, 3 patients with number 9 cleft, and 1 with number 7 cleft. Related to cleft lip, 10 patients had bilateral cleft lip, and 8 patients had unilateral cleft lip. Three patients did not have any involvement of the upper lip. The alar base was deviated upward in 19 patients, 11 cases had severe anatomic alteration with the lateral border of the ala above the medial canthus, and 8 cases had a mild dislocation. Nine cases of lacrimal duct obstruction and 8 cases of lacrimal duct extrophy were identified. Twelve patients had a lower eyelid coloboma of varying grades, and there were 2 cases of microblepharia. Aiming the soft tissue reconstruction, eyelid, nose, and upper lip were evaluated regarding their position, absence of tissue, and position of medial canthus and ala. Twelve of our patients underwent correction in the same moment, their medial canthus rotated upward and the ala downward, using the contralateral side as the reference. The lip was treated using a Millard-like technique. Neo-conjunctivorhinostomy was performed in the same moment in 2 patients or later in 1 case. Four patients had plagiocephaly due to the cranial involvement, and they were submitted to cranioplasty. Three had neurosurgical approach and advancement of the frontal bandeau. One adult patient received an acrylic plate to reshape the frontal area. CONCLUSIONS: Tessier number 3 cleft is one of the most difficult and challenging malformations to correct for the reconstructive surgeon. Besides the difficulties of its treatment, patients with Tessier number 3 cleft may achieve good results when the team has good skills.

The surgical repair of half-nose.

Absence of half-nose is an extremely rare congenital malformation, which has a devastating impact on the patient and the family. A review of indexed English-language literature found 91 cases of half-nose, including 50 patients with proboscis lateralis. Pathogenesis is not clear, and the reported cases have sporadically occurred. Many aspects must be considered when reconstructing a congenital half-nose, such as timing of surgery, type of tissue to be used and the need to reconstruct nasal airway. The aim of this article is to present personal experience in seven cases of half-nose reconstruction, in order to review the literature regarding to this rare entity, highlighting aspects of incidence, pathogenesis and surgical treatment. Nasal reconstruction was performed at ages of 5-7 years to minimise psychological trauma. Forehead skin demonstrated to be an excellent donor site to re-surface the nose. For the inner lining, contralateral cutaneous nasal flap was our preference. Concerning the nasal framework reconstruction, alar contour was restored using a cartilage graft from the lower portion of ear tragus and concha.

The Tessier number 5 facial cleft: surgical strategies and outcomes in six patients.

The Tessier no. 5 facial cleft is an extremely rare congenital malformation. Only 26 cases have been described in the English-language literature. The cleft begins in the upper lip just medial to the oral commissure, extending across the cheek as a groove ending at the junction of the middle and lateral thirds of the lower eyelid. The bone involvement usually includes an alveolar cleft in the premolar region, extends across the maxilla lateral to the infraorbital nerve, up to the infraorbital rim and orbital floor. The goals of the surgical procedure include reconstructing the lower eyelid, repositioning the lateral canthus, closure of the labiomaxillary cleft, and restoration of the skeletal continuity (including the orbital floor defect) with bone grafts. We present six patients with the Tessier no. 5 facial cleft who have been treated in our combined centers and discuss the surgical options and difficulties faced in the reconstruction of this rare and challenging craniofacial malformation. To date, we have treated six patients (two with bilateral and four with unilateral clefts). Three of the patients with unilateral clefting had an associated no. 4 cleft and one patient with a bilateral cleft had an associated no. 3 cleft. This paper represents the largest series to date documenting surgery for patients with the Tessier no. 5 facial cleft.

Abordagem nasolabial primária nas fissuras lábio-palatinas unilaterais / Primary nasolabial approach in the unilateral cleft lip and palate fissures

As deformiddes anatômicas e alterações fisiológicas das fissuras lábio-palatinas unilaterais são objeto de estudo de vários pesquisadores onde é enfatizada a necessidade da reparação primária não apenas da fissura labial como posicionamento das estruturas do nariz. Existem inúmeras técnicas descritas para tratamento concomitante destas alterações, tanto para a reparação do lábio quanto do nariz. Independentemente da técnica escolhida, muitas controvérsias exitem envolvendo a abordagem cirúrgica da fissura nasolabial unilateral, principalmente no que se refere ao tempo cirúrgico, o uso de ortopedia pré-operatória ou adesão labaial para diminuir a tensão no reparo definitivo da fissura. Podemos afirmar que o resultado é cirurgião-dependente, ou seja, quanto mais familiarizado com a técnica empregada, melhores serão os resultados estéticos e funcionais. Métodos: Foram tratados 134 pacientes com fissura labio-palatina unilateral com técnica de Millad combinda com ténica de McComb para a abordagem do nariz, no periódo de 1 de janeiro de 2003 a 24 abril de 2007. Rsultados: a terapêutica empregada proporcionou resultados estéticos melhores com a diminuição de procedimentos secundários aliados à sistematização do procedimento com menor tempo cirúrgico.

Surgical correction of Tessier number 0 cleft.

The no. 0-14 cleft involves the midline of the face and cranium. It may include both a true and a false median cleft lip, with or without associated hypotelorism or hypertelorism. The no. 0 cleft is the most common of the craniofacial clefts. The objective of this study was to review the functional outcome and aesthetic results of the different techniques applied for each case. We have conducted a retrospective analysis of our series consisting of 32 cases of Tessier no. 0 cleft, in the period between 1997 and 2007. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those with the true median cleft and those with the false median cleft. The clinical findings, lip malformation, alveolar cleft, nasal appearance, septal involvement, associated deformities, and surgical procedures, were all reviewed. Holoprosencephaly was present in 9 cases, with a false median cleft upper lip and an absence of the premaxilla, septum, and columella (only 1 patient underwent lip and columella reconstruction at 2 years of age). Nine patients had an incomplete median cleft lip. Seven of these cases had associated median alveolar cleft, and 1 had an intranasal tumor, associated with lipoma of corpus callosum, characteristic of the Pai syndrome. Six cases of a bifid nose were seen, 2 of which were associated with an alveolar median cleft and hypertelorism. An isolated median alveolar cleft was present in 7 cases, 2 of them associated with a no. 30 cleft. This article presents a large series of Tessier no. 0 cleft, describing the differences between the false and the true median cleft. The surgical procedures may vary in relation to the type of involvement.

Combination micrografting and tattooing in the reconstruction of eyebrows of patients with craniofacial clefts.

The absence of an eyebrow, either partial or total, has been observed in patients with craniofacial clefts, such as the Tessier 9 to 13 cleft. Several techniques have been used to improve the appearance of the region, such as island scalp flaps and scalp strip grafting, with limited or marginally satisfactory aesthetic results. The authors report 2 patients with craniofacial clefts in whom a novel technique combining 2 separate surgical approaches, micrografting and tattooing, was used. The use of micrografting with single or double hair units, properly angulated, produces natural-looking and satisfactory results with a minimum of morbidity. Excellent volume and appearance of the eyebrow may be achieved in a single session using this technique. Tattooing performed subsequently over the microimplanted hairs provides the illusion of greater density to the eyebrow, resulting in an appearance closer to normal.

Evaluation of molar teeth and buds in patients submitted to mandible distraction: long-term results.

BACKGROUND: Despite all benefits offered by mandible distraction, complications and long-term consequences need to be evaluated to define its safety and morbidity. Forty mandible distractions were studied. Panoramic mandible radiographs obtained preoperatively, during distraction, and during the postoperative period were reviewed, with the intention of evaluating development and complications of molar buds and teeth in the distraction area. METHODS: The mean patient age was 8.1 years. Twenty-five patients had craniofacial microsomia (one associated with a no. 10 facial cleft), five had temporomandibular joint ankylosis, two had familiar cases of auriculocondylar syndrome, one had a Tessier no. 30 facial cleft, and one had Treacher Collins syndrome. The severity of mandible hypoplasia was Pruzansky grade I in four cases, grade IIA in eight cases, grade IIB in 16 cases, and grade III in one case. Mean radiographic follow-up was 44.8 months. RESULTS: Molar buds located in the distraction area erupted without any deformity or displacement in 18 sides (45 percent). Fourteen cases presented distalization of a dental bud to a superior position in the mandibular ramus (four migrated back to the original position). Six molar buds presented perforations, four had shape deformities (two caused by dental fracture), and two had dental root injuries followed by root absorption lately. One case developed a dentigerous cyst. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of the patients did not have any molar bud or tooth alterations after mandible distraction, and more than 20 percent presented only bud distalization. Therefore, preventive bud enucleation or tooth extraction should be avoided before mandible distraction.

Epignathus: two cases.

Epignathus is a rare congenital nasopharyngeal tumour that is derived from the upper jaw, palate, and sphenoid bone. It usually protrudes through the mouth, leading to an appreciable risk of obstruction of the upper airway and death soon after birth. We report two cases of unusual presentations that illustrated some uncommon and similar characteristics. Although these tumours are not consistent in origin, number, and differentiation of tissues, both contained structures that were derived from all three layers of germ cells, including different anomalous tissues internally (dental bud, fat and muscular tissues, mucosal epithelium). Externally, they contained normal epidermis (skin with fine hairs). Imaging studies and operative findings showed that both tumours originated from the anterior portion of the sphenoid bone causing a sphenoidal sinus cleft without intracranial communication.

Microssomia craniofacial: o espectro clínico de 163 pacientes tratados / Craniofacial microsomia: clinical spectrum of 163 treated patients

A microssomia craniofacial é a segunda malformação de face mais comum, resultante de alterações no desenvolvimento embrionário do primeiro e segundo arcos branquiais. Podem apresentar principalmente anormalidades de orelha e de mandíbula, além de outras estruturas derivadas destes dois arcos. Estudo retrospctivo foi realizado com objetivo avaliar as manifestações encontradas em pacientes atendidos durante o período de 1996 a 2006. Foram revisados 163 prontuários dos pacientes portadores de microssomia craniofacial, sendo 94 (57,7%) do sexo masculino e 69 (42,3%) feminino. Houve preponderância do lado direito, observado em 87 (53,4%) pacientes, seguido de 48 (29,4%) do lado esquerdo, e 26 (16%) bilateralmente. A deformidade de orelha externa mais comum foi microtia (110 pacientes - 67,5%); sendo que 13 (7,8%) pacientes tinham orelhas normais. O conduto auditivo apresentava-se normal em 26 (16%) pacientes, atrésico em 21 (12,9%) e ausente em 110 (67,5%). Perda condutiva foi encontrada com 57 (35%) pacientes. A deformidade de mandíbula foi classificada como grau 1 em 37 (21,9%) lados, 22 lados (13%) grau 2A, 20 lasos (11.8%) grau 2B, e 11 (6,5%) grau 3. evidenciou-se que 36 (22,1%) pacientes tinham mandíbulas normais. Microstomia estava presente em 24 (14,7%) pacientes, paralisia facial em graus variáveis em 12 (7,4%) pacientes e comprometimento órbito-palpebral em 10 (6,1%). Este trabalho apresenta uma série importante de casos de microssomia craniofacial, demonstrando a características clínicas dos pacientes atendidos no CAIF, um centro de referência no tratamento de deformidades craniofaciais.

Mandible distraction using internal device: mathematical analysis of the results.

For many years, surgeons have sought a method to treat severe facial deformities without using bone grafts and extensive surgery. Distraction osteogenesis offers this promise. The technique used in mandibular hypoplasia follows the basic principles proposed by Ilizarov which states that the device must be elongated 1 mm per day to create optimal bone production. Despite the widespread implementation of this recommendation to include the 1-mm/day separation, doubt still exists as to whether this is the optimal treatment regimen. Intraoral devices with percutaneous activator pins were used in 16 patients with hypoplastic mandibles. The results of distraction were documented by panorex and cephalogram of the mandible. The length of the ramus as well as multiple mandible dimensions and facial angles were measured. The panorex and cephalogram of the mandible were effective in demonstrating the significant increase in length of the mandible and ramus, as well as the entire mandible, but there was no correlation between the stretching obtained by the distraction device and that measured by the radiographic studies. The S-N-B angle was the only facial angle in which there is a statistically significant increase measured and this appeared to be related to a mandible rotation. It is concluded that the mandible distraction (using an intraoral device and an external activator pin) was effective in increasing the ramus length and both the panorex and the cephalogram were effective in demonstrating this morphologic change. There was no correlation between the clinical result and the radiographic studies demonstrating that the clinical judgment still has a significant role in controlling mandible distraction.

Efeito da vascularização venosa ampliada na viabilidade do retalho perfurante abdominal: modelo experimental / Venous superdrainage effect in the viability of abdominal perforator flap: experimental model

Os retalhos perfurantes são baseados nas artérias perfurantes musculocutâneas e têm sido progressi- vamente mais utilizados, por apresentarem vantagens em relação ao retalho musculocutâneo. O retalho da artéria epigástrica inferior profunda (DIEP) foi considerado um grande avanço na reconstrução mamária autóloga e, devido a sua aplicação clínica crescente, observou-se perda de parte do retalho maior do que a perda no retalho do músculo reto abdominal (TRAM), possivelmente por congestão venosa. O objetivo des- te estudo é comparar a viabilidade do retalho perfurante abdominal, em ratos, ao retalho abdominal com vascularização venosa ampliada. Vinte ratos Wistar foram divididos em 2 grupos: grupo A – retalho perfurante abdominal baseado em uma única perfurante e grupo B – retalho perfurante abdominal baseado em uma única perfurante e com a manutenção da veia epigástrica inferior contralateral ao pedículo. A viabilidade foi medida através do peso e área. Observou-se uma área de viabilidade de 67.89 ± 25,19 para o grupo A e de 91.4 ± 10.98 para o grupo B, com diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,0156). Os retalhos miocutâneos e perfurantes apresen- tam um papel importante na cirurgia plástica. Este estudo demonstra, com sucesso, que há um aumento da viabilidade do retalho perfurante de reto abdominal, em ratos, com ascularização venosa ampliada.

Perforator flaps are based on musculocutaneous perforators arteries, and its use has progressively increased in the last years. Deep inferior epigastric artery flap (DIEP) is considered an advance in autologus breast reconstruction and due to its increasing clinical use it was observed partial flap necrosis, possibly caused by venous congestion. The aim of the present study is to compare the viability of abdominal perforator flap in the rat to the abdominal perforator flap associated with an additional venous drainage (venous superdrainage). Twenty Wistar rats were divided in 2 groups: Group A – abdominal perforator flap and group B – abdominal perforator flap perforator associated with venous superdrainage (inferior epigastric vein contralateral to the pedicle). Viability was measured through area and weight. Area viability for Group A was 67.89 ± 25,19 and 91.4 ± 10.98 for group B, p value=0,0156. Musculocutaneous and perforators flaps are important Tools in plastic surgery. The present study shows successfully that rat abdominal perforator flap viability is increased by venous superdrainage.

Avaliaçäo do método de detecçäo do "Helicobacter pylori" em endoscopias digestivas altas / Evaluation of a method of detection of helicobacter pylori using endoscopy of the upper digestive tract

Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo de 3041 endoscopias digestivas altas no Hospital Universitário Säo Vicente de Paulo no período de 1993 a 1995; avaliou-se o método de detecçäo do "Helicobacter pylori"em antro gástrico de pacientes com afecçöes gastroduodenais, através da comparaçäo do método teste de Urease com o estudo anatomo-patológico. Os resultados näo mostraram diferença significativa entre os dois métodos, sendo positivo 63 por cento e 67 por cento, respectivamente, para a presença de "Helicobacter pylori". Houve preferência pelo método anatomo-patológico, pois permite verificar evidências microscópicas de doença, mesmo sem alteraçöes macroscópicas

Trajeto intra-ósseo dos nervos cranianos / Intra-osseal traject of cranial nerves

Estudou-se o trajeto de nervos cranianos, desde origem até curso anatômico por orifícios ósseos correspondentes; demonstrou-se as características anatômicas dos nervos nas relaçöes intra e extra-cranianas, através de cuidadosa dissecçäo, incluindo o percurso ósseo em base craniana. Objetivou-se, também, obtençäo de material didático para o Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências BIológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, RS

Abscesso de baço / Splenic abscess

Relata-se caso de abcesso esplênico em paciente masculino, diabético, que apresentava dor em hipocôndrio esquerdo, febre e calafrios. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela laparotomia. Sao considerados fatores etiológico, manifestaçoes clínicas e métodos diagnósticos.