Urinary markers in the surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. A literature review. / Marcadores urinarios en la vigilancia del tumor vesical no músculo infiltrante. Revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: The surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is usually performed by cystoscopy and cytology. Until today, no effective urinary biomarker has been used to reduce the morbidity and cost associated with these procedures. OBJECTIVE: To describe the performance of urinary biomarkers in the surveillance of NMIBC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: on August 1, 2018, a bibliographic search was carried out in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library, limited to the last 10 years, with the terms: bladder cancer, recurrence, detection and urine marker.973 registers were obtained, and 27 publications were selected following the PRISMA recommendations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The negative predictive values (NPV) of several assays could reduce the number of cystoscopies in NMIBC surveillance. Six transcription-factor trials had an NPV rate greater than 90%, and one of them can be performed at the control point. Six transcription-factors evaluations describe anticipated diagnosis between 68% and 83% of their "false positives". Two transcription factors and one protein assays proved reduction between 23% and 35% of surveillance cystoscopies. Nowadays, cell-based assays are restricted to reflex test after doubtful cytologies. CONCLUSION: There are few studies analysing the improvement of the NMIBC surveillance protocols. Several transcription factor assays are more precise and allow anticipatory diagnosis. Currently, there are no comparative studies between alternative surveillance protocols and classic ones.

Efectos de la cirugía bariátrica en resultados perinatales / Effects of bariatric surgery on perinatal outcomes

Antecedentes: Según la OMS, la obesidad en el mundo se ha duplicado. En Chile, 50% de las mujeres embarazadas tendrían sobrepeso u obesidad, lo que se asocia a condiciones de alto riesgo durante el embarazo. El creciente número de obesas en edad reproductiva y el bajo impacto de las medidas médicas para el control de peso, llevaron a considerar la cirugía bariátrica como opción terapéutica en el manejo de obesos refractarios a tratamiento convencional, mejorando las comorbilidades asociadas y calidad de vida. Diversos estudios retrospectivos han mostrado la eficacia de la cirugía bariátrica para disminuir complicaciones obstétricas asociadas a la obesidad, como diabetes gestacional e hipertensión. Sin embargo, existe información discordante con respecto a la cirugía bariátrica pre-concepcional y efectos adversos perinatales. Objetivo: Revisar y analizar la mejor evidencia disponible sobre la asociación entre cirugía bariátrica y resultados adversos perinatales. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en los motores TripDatabase, Pubmed y Cochrane. Se establecieron criterios de inclusión y se seleccionaron artículos de acuerdo a las palabras clave "pregnancy", "pregnancy outcome", y "bariatric surgery". Resultados: Las pacientes embarazadas sometidas a cirugía bariátrica presentan menor riesgo de tener hijos GEG y mayor riesgo de PEG. No se observaron diferencias respecto a óbito fetal y malformaciones. Conclusión: La evidencia encontrada (tipo IIb) orienta a que la cirugía bariátrica pre-concepcional se asocia a menor número de recién nacidos GEG y mayor número de PEG. Se requieren nuevos estudios que aporten un mayor nivel de evidencia y seguimientos a más largo plazo.

Background: According to the WHO, the prevalence of obesity has doubled worldwide. In Chile, 50% of pregnant women are overweight or obese. Obesity is associated to high risk pregnancies and higher C-section rates. The increasing number of obese women of reproductive age and the low impact of medical treatment for weight control have led to consider bariatric surgery as a therapeutic option after conventional treatment failure, improving quality of life and comorbidities. Several retrospective studies have shown the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in reducing obstetric complications associated to obesity, including gestational diabetes and hypertension. However, there is inconsistent evidence regarding pre-conceptional bariatric surgery and its relation to adverse neonatal outcomes. Objective: Review and analysis of the best available evidence relating to the association between bariatric surgery and adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods: TripDatabase, Pubmed and Cochrane search engines were used to find and select articles for analysis according to stablished inclusion criteria. The search was performed using the following key words: "pregnancy", "pregnancy outcome" and "bariatric surgery". Two studies where selected. Results: Current evidence shows that pregnant patients with previous bariatric surgery had lower risk of LGA and increased risk of SGA babies. No differences were found in relation to stillbirth and congenital abnormalities. Conclusion: The evidence analyzed shows that pre-pregnancy bariatric surgery is associated to lower rate of LGA and higher rate of SGA newborns. The evidence found was level lib. New studies are needed to validate this results, with better levels of evidence and long-term follow-up.

Utilidad de un cuestionario autoadministrado multidimensional para la gestión de una unidad clínica de tratamiento de dolor / Usefulness of a multidimensional self-administered questionnaire for the clinical management of a pain treatment unit

Objective. To study the feasibility of a multidimensional self-administered questionnaire before the patient is seen at the first visit in a clinical Pain Treatment Unit (PTU) of a tertiary hospital, and its impact on the management of patients in the first visit. Patients and methods. Cross-sectional study. Self-administered questionnaire that gathered: socio-demographic data, medical history of pain, pain perception (intensity and characteristics), comorbidity of pain and patient expectations of analgesic treatment ("What do you expect from our treatment? If we cannot resolve your pain, what level of pain would you be willing to live with?). A descriptive analysis was performed. Results. A total of 293 consecutive patients (31% men, 69% women), mean age (SD) 62 (16) years-old, were included in 2011. All patients completed and returned the questionnaire before the first visit to the PTU. The questionnaire was completed fully and correctly by 80% (234, 95% CI: 75-84) of the patients, and the rest completed the questionnaire with some points unanswered. About 24% (70/293, 95% CI: 19-29) of the patients should not have been referred to the PTU [20% were not attended]. A small percentage (9%,26/293, 95% CI: 6-13) were evaluated as «urgent’» and visited over the following 7 days, with 19% (56/293, 95%CI: 15-24) being «preferential» (visited before 15 days) and 52% (152/293, 95% CI: 46-58) as «non-urgent/non-preferential» (visited before 60 days). Almost one third (30%, 87/293, 95% CI: 25-35) did not need a second visit to the PTU. Patient expectations: 21% expected complete pain relief and 64% would accept a lower pain intensity score of 4. Conclusion. The use of a multidimensional self-administered questionnaire before the first visit to a clinical Pain Treatment Unit of a tertiary hospital was a practicable and useful tool for the management of patients on the first visit. Likewise, the questionnaire provided information on the patient's perception of pain and the expectations concerning the analgesic treatment (AU)

Objetivo. Estudiar la factibilidad de un cuestionario autoadministrado multidimensional antes de que el paciente sea atendido en primera visita en la unidad de tratamiento del dolor (UTD) de un hospital terciario, y su impacto en la gestión de pacientes en la primera visita. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio transversal. Cuestionario autoadministrado: características sociodemográficas, historia clínica del dolor, percepción del dolor (intensidad y sus características), comorbilidad del dolor y expectativas del paciente al tratamiento analgésico («¿qué es lo que usted espera de nuestro tratamiento?», si no podemos resolver su dolor «¿qué nivel de dolor aceptaría?»). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo. Resultados. Durante el año 2011 fueron incluidos 293 pacientes consecutivos (31% hombres, 69% mujeres; edad media 62 ± 16 años). Todos los pacientes cumplimentaron y entregaron el cuestionario antes de la primera visita en la UTD. El 80% (234/293, IC 95%: 75-84) de pacientes lo cumplimentaron completa y correctamente; el resto lo aportaron con algunos puntos sin contestar. El 24% (70/293, IC 95%: 19-29) de pacientes no deberían haber sido remitidos a la UTD (un 20% no llegaron a ser visitados en la UTD). Un 9% (26/293, IC 95%: 6-13) de las primeras visitas se consideraron «urgentes» (y estos pacientes fueron visitados en la UTD antes de 7 días), mientras que el 19% (56/293, IC 95%: 15-24) se calificaron de «preferentes» (atendidos antes de 15 días) y el 52% (152/293, IC 95%: 46-58) de «no-urgentes/no-preferentes» (atendidos antes de 60 días). Un 30% (87/293, IC 95%: 25-35) de los casos no necesitaron una segunda visita en la UTD. Respecto a las expectativas del paciente cabe reseñar que el 21% esperaban un alivio completo de su dolor, y el 64% aceptarían continuar con un dolor de intensidad < 4. Conclusión. El uso del cuestionario autoadministrado multidimensional antes de la primera visita en una Unidad Clínica del Tratamiento del Dolor de un hospital terciario fue practicable y útil como instrumento para la gestión de los pacientes en primera visita. Asimismo, proporcionó información sobre la percepción del dolor y las expectativas del paciente referente al tratamiento analgésico (AU)

[Usefulness of a multidimensional self-administered questionnaire for the clinical management of a pain treatment unit]. / Utilidad de un cuestionario autoadministrado multidimensional para la gestión de una unidad clínica de tratamiento de dolor.

OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of a multidimensional self-administered questionnaire before the patient is seen at the first visit in a clinical Pain Treatment Unit (PTU) of a tertiary hospital, and its impact on the management of patients in the first visit. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Self-administered questionnaire that gathered: socio-demographic data, medical history of pain, pain perception (intensity and characteristics), comorbidity of pain and patient expectations of analgesic treatment ("What do you expect from our treatment? If we cannot resolve your pain, what level of pain would you be willing to live with?). A descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 293 consecutive patients (31% men, 69% women), mean age (SD) 62 (16) years-old, were included in 2011. All patients completed and returned the questionnaire before the first visit to the PTU. The questionnaire was completed fully and correctly by 80% (234, 95% CI: 75-84) of the patients, and the rest completed the questionnaire with some points unanswered. About 24% (70/293, 95% CI: 19-29) of the patients should not have been referred to the PTU [20% were not attended]. A small percentage (9%,26/293, 95% CI: 6-13) were evaluated as «urgent'¼ and visited over the following 7 days, with 19% (56/293, 95%CI: 15-24) being «preferential¼ (visited before 15 days) and 52% (152/293, 95% CI: 46-58) as «non-urgent/non-preferential¼ (visited before 60 days). Almost one third (30%, 87/293, 95% CI: 25-35) did not need a second visit to the PTU. Patient expectations: 21% expected complete pain relief and 64% would accept a lower pain intensity score of 4. CONCLUSION: The use of a multidimensional self-administered questionnaire before the first visit to a clinical Pain Treatment Unit of a tertiary hospital was a practicable and useful tool for the management of patients on the first visit. Likewise, the questionnaire provided information on the patient's perception of pain and the expectations concerning the analgesic treatment.

[Validation of a Spanish version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form]. / Validación del cuestionario International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) en una población Chilena usuaria del Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA).

BACKGROUND: The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) allows the assessment of urinary incontinence management results. AIM: To validate the ICIQ-SF in a Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An approved Spanish version of the ICIQ-SF was applied in two opportunities (separated by a mean of 44 days) to 52 women consulting for urinary incontinence in a public hospital and to 25 asymptomatic female workers of the same hospital. Content validity, internal consistency and construct validity of the ICIQ-SF were evaluated. RESULTS: The ages of surveyed women ranged from 21 to 80 years. Internal consistency measured using Cronbach alpha was 0.87. Intra observer agreement, measured using pondered Kappa, was 0.84. 0.86 and 0.8 for each of the three components of the questionnaire, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This Spanish version of the ICIQ-SF meets the requirements to be used in the Chilean population.

Validación del cuestionario International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) en una población chilena usuaria del Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA) / Validation of a Spanish version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form

Background: The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) allows the assessment of urinary incontinence management results. Aim: To validate the ICIQ-SF in a Chilean population. Material and Methods: An approved Spanish version of the ICIQ-SF was applied in two opportunities (separated by a mean of 44 days) to 52 women consulting for urinary incontinence in a public hospital and to 25 asymptomatic female workers of the same hospital. Content validity, internal consistency and construct validity of the ICIQ-SF were evaluated. Results: The ages of surveyed women ranged from 21 to 80 years. Internal consistency measured using Cronbach alpha was 0.87. Intra observer agreement, measured using pondered Kappa, was 0.84. 0.86 and 0.8 for each of the three components of the questionnaire, respectively. Conclusions: This Spanish version of the ICIQ-SF meets the requirements to be used in the Chilean population.

¿Debemos seguir haciendo salpingoooforectomía como profilaxis de cáncer de ovario? / Should we continue prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy for ovarian cancer?

Hasta hace algunos años en las mujeres sometidas a histerectomía por patología benigna, que tuvieran 45 o más años, se efectuaba de regla una salpingoooforectomía (SOB) bilateral, como prevención de cáncer de ovario. Esto está actualmente en discusión. Hay dos grandes estudios de cohortes poblacionales y un estudio prospectivo observacional que analizan los efectos adversos cardiovasculares y el cáncer de ovario en mujeres sometidas a SOB. Basados en estos análisis y otros datos de la literatura, se pueden plantear algunas conclusiones. En mujeres premenopáusicas y hasta los 50 años la conducta óptima es preservar los ovarios, entre 51 y 65 años no está claro que lo mejor sea extirparlos y en mayores de 65 aún no se ha probado efectos deletéreos a raíz de la intervención.

The age to perform prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy for benign conditions is being actually discussed. Two population based cohorts studies and one prospective observational study evaluate cardiovascular disease and ovarian cancer with a history of oophorectomy. Some conclusions can be drawn. Until 50 years or premenopausal women, ovarian conservation should be the norm, between 51 and 65 there are no clear indications for removal and in older than 65 no negative effects have been described.

Intercambiabilidad de opioides y moléculas bioequivalentes / Opioid switching and bioequivalent molecules

Ante la alerta creada por dos situaciones que inciden, de manera significativa, en el entorno de la actividad clínica de los médicos que tratan el dolor, y que son: por un lado, la intercambiabilidad de moléculas bioequivalentes y, por el otro, las directrices emitidas por alguna consejería de salud en el fomento del uso de morfina frente a otros opioides como analgésico opioide de primera elección, el Grupo de Trabajo de Opioides de la Sociedad Española del Dolor —considerando que ambas pueden llevar a actuaciones en la práctica clínica que no se ajustan a la evidencia científica disponible— analiza estos dos hechos a partir del informe de experto del Dr. Cecilio Álamo, realizado en mayo de 2009, sobre la intercambiabilidad clínica de opioides potentes. Tras una revisión en profundidad de la bibliografía disponible a nivel nacional e internacional, así como de la posición de instituciones sanitarias europeas, entre otras, la Agencia Francesa del Medicamento y la Royal Pharmaceutical Society del Reino Unido, emite las conclusiones siguientes: 1. No creemos justificada la intercambiabilidad de opioides potentes entre sí, ya sean genéricos o de marca. 2. Ante las ventajas que aportan las nuevas moléculas con diferentes formulaciones (tanto por vía oral como por vía transdérmica), podemos afirmar que hay otras opciones terapéuticas frente al uso de morfina como analgésico opioide de primera elección (AU)

Due to the alert created due to two important incidents that took place involving the clinical activity of doctors who treat pain (one is the switching of bioequivalent molecules, and the other is the directives issued by a Health Department on encouraging the use of morphine instead of other opioids as first choice analgesic opioid), the Working Group of the Spanish Pain Society, considering that both can affect the activities in clinical practices that do not adapt to the available scientific evidence, analysed these two facts, and based on the expert report by Dr. Cecilio Álamo in May 2009, entitled, the clinical switching of strong opioids, and after an in depth review of the national and international literature, as well as the position of European health institutions, including the French Medicines Agency and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, issued as conclusions that: 1. We do not believe that the switching of strong opioids is justified whether they are generic or branded. 2. In view of the advantages provided by the new molecules with different formulas (oral as well as transdermal), we can state that there are other therapeutic options other than the use of morphine as a first choice analgesic opioid (AU)

Mutational study in the PDHA1 gene of 40 patients suspected of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency.

We screened for PDHA1 mutations in 40 patients with biochemically demonstrated PDHc deficiency or strong clinical suspicion, and found changes with probable pathological significance in 20. Five patients presented new mutations: p.A169V, c.932_938del, c.1143_1144 ins24, c.1146_1159dup and c.510-30G> A, this latter is a new undescribed cause of exon 6 skipping. Another four mutations have been found, and previously reported, in our patients: p.H113D, p.P172L, p.Y243del and p.Y369Q. Eleven patients presented seven known mutations: p.R127Q, p.I166I, p.A198T, p.R263G, p.R302C, p.R378C and c.1142_1145dup. The latter three were found in more than one unrelated patient: p.R302C was detected in a heterozygous girl and a mosaic male, p.R378C in two males and finally, c.1142_1145dup in three females; only one in 20 mothers was found to be a carrier (p.R263G). Apart from those 20 patients, the only alteration detected in one girl with clear PDHc and PDH-E1 deficiency was the silent change c.396A> C (p.R132R), and other eight PDHc deficient patients carry combinations of known infrequent polymorphisms that are overrepresented among our 20 unsolved patients. The importance of these changes on PDH activity is unclear. Investigations in the other PDHc genes are in course in order to elucidate the genetic defect in the unresolved patients.

Uso del sistema POPQ para la clasificación de los prolapsos: Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo / Use of the POPQ system for prolapses classification: Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo

El sistema de Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) ha demostrado ser útil, fácil de aprender, rápido de realizar y con una buena confiabilidad intra e interobservador. Quisimos comenzar a aplicar este tipo de clasificación y compararla con la clasificación clásica de Baden y Walker descrita en la ficha clínica. Para esto se realizó un estudio observacional de 41 pacientes en que se comparó el sistema tradicional consignado en la ficha, con la medición de nueve puntos que utiliza el sistema POPQ. En 17 por ciento de los casos ambos sistemas coincidieron en el diagnóstico del descenso de todos los elementos del prolapso: pared anterior, posterior y cuello uterino. El sistema POPQ permite un diagnóstico acabado del estado y magnitud del descenso de los órganos pelvianos.

The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) System has proved to be a good method for describing and quantifying pelvic organ prolapse. The objective of this observational study was to compare the classification consigned in the clinical records (Baden and Walker classification) with the new POPQ system. In the first 41 cases we proceed to evaluate our patients by mean of the POPQ system. In only 17 percent of the cases the two systems agreed in the diagnosis of the anterior, posterior and cervix descents. POPQ system allows an acute diagnosis of the state and magnitude of the descent of pelvic organs.

Cistectomía radical laparoscopica en los tumores vesicales clínicamente localizados. (T2) / Laparoscopic radical cystectomy in clinically localized (T2) bladder tumors

Objetivo: La cistectomía radical laparoscópica se ha desarrollado a partir de la expansión de la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica. Esta técnica permite un abordaje poco invasivo para el tratamiento de los tumores vesicales infiltrantes de la capa muscular con disminución del sangrado y una más rápida recuperación postoperatoria. Métodos: Entre septiembre de 2004 y enero de 2007 se han realizado 54 cistectomías radicales por vía laparoscópica, 48 en estadio T2 y de estas últimas 43 (90%) eran varones y 5 (10%) mujeres. La edad media fue de 64 años (27-88a). La linfadenectomía se practicó por acceso laparoscópico en todos los casos, obteniendo una media de 13 ganglios (4-24). La derivación urinaria se realizó por la incisión de extracción del espécimen en todos los casos menos uno que se realizó completamente intracorpóreo, siendo ureteroileostomía cutánea tipo Bricker en 30 casos (62%), neovejiga ortotópica tipo Padovana en 17 casos (35%) y ureterostomía cutánea en un caso (2%). Resultados: El tiempo quirúrgico medio de todo el procedimiento fue de 287 minutos (180-480), 270 minutos para los casos con derivación tipo Bricker y de 316 para los casos con una neovejiga. El índice de transfusión fue del 25%. El tiempo medio de íleo paralítico fue de 5 días (2-10d) con un tiempo medio de ingreso para los pacientes con Bricker de 13 días (6-34) y de 16 días (8-30) para las neovejigas. El control oncológico, con un seguimiento medio de 10,8 meses (0,4-30m), presenta una supervivencia cáncer específica del 90% con un tiempo medio de supervivencia estimado de 28 meses (IC 95% 26-30). La supervivencia media global ha sido del 79% con un tiempo de supervivencia de 26 meses (IC 95% 23-29). Conclusiones: La cistectomía radical laparoscópica es una técnica factible que ofrece ventajas. Permite una exéresis con un menor sangrado y un postoperatorio más llevadero. Estudios aleatorizados deberían demostrar estas ventajas para confirmar si puede llegar a ser la técnica de elección. La realización de la derivación urinaria por la laparotomía, obligada para la extracción de la pieza quirúrgica, optimiza los resultados de la derivación y el tiempo quirúrgico total sin reducir los beneficios de la exéresis laparoscópica (AU)

Objectives: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy has been developed after the expansion of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. This technique makes possible a minimally invasive approach to muscle-invasive bladder cancer with less blood loss and faster postoperative recovery. Methods: From September 2004 to January 2007, 54 laparoscopic radical cystectomies were performed, 48 of them in stage T2, from which 43 (90%) were male and 5 (10%) female patients. Mean age was 64 years (27-88). Lymphadenectomy was carried out by laparoscopic approach in all cases, with a mean of 13 nodes obtained (4-24). Urinary diversion was done through the incision needed to extract the specimen in all cases but one that was completed completely intracorporeally; constructing a Bricker-type ureteroileostomy in 30 (62%) cases, orthotopic neobladder (Vesica Ileale Padovana) in 17 cases (35%), and cutaneous ureterostomy in 1 case (2%). Results: Mean surgical time for the whole procedure was 287 minutes (180-480), 270 minutes for Bricker-type derivation cases and 316 minutes for neobladder cases. Blood transfusion rate was 25%. Mean ileal paralysis was 5 days (2-10) with a mean hospital stay of 13 days (6-34) for Bricker cases and 16 days (8-30) for neobladder cases. Oncological control, after a mean follow-up of 10,8 months (0,4-30), showed a cancer-specific survival of 90% with a mean survival time of 28 months (95% CI 26-30). Global mean survival was 79% with a mean survival of 26 months (95% CI 23-29). Conclusions: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is a feasible technique that offers some advantages. It allows excision with less blood loss and an easier postoperative period. Randomized studies should demonstrate these advantages to confirm this approach as the technique of choice. Urinary diversion performed through the laparotomy incision, necessary to extract the specimen, optimizes derivation results and whole surgical time without reducing the beneficial effects of the laparoscopic exeresis (AU)

[Pig model in experimental renal transplant surgery]. / El modelo porcino en la cirugía experimental del trasplante renal.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Living donor laparoscopic renal procurement is becoming a first-line technique unless a show-learning curve. January 2006 we implement an experimental pig-kidney transplant model with the objective of evaluating differences between open and laparosopic surgical techniques as well as giving a training-oportunity to the Residents in these alternatives. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have completed 25 experiments 7 out of which were performed laparoscopically (28%), 18 with conventional surgerY (72%). Only 44% of the animals have survived until the end of the process. RESULTS: This work evaluates different aspects on the implementation of this activity. Complications of the prothocol are analyzed. We review the literature on this topic. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental Surgery in a porcine model has become in our Hospital a key-issue for Residents Training Program, and easily could be adapted to other Centers.

El modelo porcino en la cirugía experimental del trasplante renal / Pig model in experimental renal transplant surgery

Introducción y objetivos: La extracción renal laparoscópica de donante vivo se está convirtiendo en una técnica cada vez más habitual a pesar de su lenta curva de aprendizaje. En enero de 2006 se puso en marcha en nuestro centro un protocolo de autotrasplante en modelo porcino que pretendía evaluar diferencias entre la extracción por vía abierta y por vía laparoscópica, y que permitía así mismo entrenar a los residentes en la realización de estas técnicas. Material y métodos: Hasta día de hoy hemos llevado a cabo un total de 25 experimentos, de los cuales 7 han sido sometidos a extracción por vía laparoscópica (28%) y 18 por vía abierta (72%), si bien sólo el 44% de los animales ha sobrevivido hasta el final del protocolo. Resultados: En este trabajo se detalla la forma de iniciar una experiencia de estas características, se analizan las complicaciones que se han encontrado y se hace una revisión de la literatura en cuanto al manejo de estos animales. Conclusiones: La cirugía experimental en modelo porcino se ha convertido en nuestro centro en una herramienta fundamental para la formación del residente, y podría fácilmente ser adaptada por otros hospitales

Introduction and objectives. Living donor laparoscopic renal procurement is becoming a first-line technique unless a show-learning curve. January 2006 we implement an experimental pig-kidney transplant model with the objective of evaluating differences between open and laparosopic surgical techniques as well as giving a training-oportunity to the Residents in these alternatives. Material and methods. We have completed 25 experiments 7 out of which were performed laparoscopically (28%), 18 with conventional surgery (72%). Only 44% of the animals have survived until the end of the process. Results: This work evaluates different aspects on the implementation of this activity. Complications of the prothocol are analyzed. We review the literature on this topic. Conclusions: Experimental Surgery in a porcine model has become in our Hospital a key-issue for Residents Training Program, and easily could be adapted to other Centers

[Splenogonadal fusion. Report of a case]. / Fusion esplenogonadal. Presentación de un caso.

We present a new case of splenogonadal fusion in a 27 years old male. This anomaly is the result of an embryological fusion between gonad and spleen. Occasionally there is an association with other congenital alterations (peromelia). Usually it occurs in the left scrotum and, although described in both sexes, it is more frequent in males. Its only symptom is palpable tumor and this makes the surgical approach the only way to make the diagnosis. A frozen section study can avoid unnecessary radical surgery.

[Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: learning curve with a mentor training program]. / Prostatectomía radical laparoscópica: la curva de aprendizaje con tutor.

INTRODUCTION: We describe and evaluate the results of our mentor training program for laparoscopic radical Prostatectomy (LRP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 2004 through December 2005, we have performed 105 (LRP). Three groups have been analysed: Group 1: The mentor as the first surgeon with the trainee acting as the assistant. Group 2: The trainee as the first surgeon with the mentor acting as the assistant. Group 3: The trainee as the first surgeon with another trainee/resident as the assistant. We have evaluated operative, postoperative data and surgical/oncological control. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in mean operative time in Groups 2 and 3 (200'-198'), but there was a difference from Group 1 (148,4') (p<0,05) we have observed a progressive operative time decrease only in Group 1. Blood loss, surgical-oncological control, pathological stage and hospital stay have been similar in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Skills for LRP can be effectively and safely taught by the presence of an experienced mentor. Waiting for long term results according to potency and continence, it was not associated to higher patient risk, neither to a worse surgical/oncologic outcome. We consider that this program is reproducible and allows a shorter learning curve.

[Comparison between open and laparoscopic approach in radical prostatectomy]. / Prostatectomia radical laparoscópica versus abierta.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the differences between laparoscopic (LRP) and open radical prostatectomy (ORP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 2004 to 2005 180 Radical prostatectomies (RP) were performed, 105 laparoscopical and 75 by an open approach. Different urologists have acted as first surgeon; 51% of them, fully experienced ones in OPR, and 56% in LRP. Differences in operative time, estimated blood loss (difference of pre and post operative hematocrite), and duration of hospitalization were compared. Additionally, we have also analysed surgical and oncologic control of the specimen defined by the following variables: Malignant margins (MM) (positive margin in a pT3 specimen), and benign/malign surgical incision (BSI/MSI). RESULTS: Groups were similar concerning age, clinical stage and Gleason score, and there are only differences in PSA. Mean operative time was significantly higher in LRP (172 minutes) versus ORP (145 minutes) (p < 0.001). Difference of pre and post operative hematocrite was also higher in the open group (10.7 vs 9.2) (p = 0.03), together with hospital stay, which was one day longer in the ORP group (p = 0.001). ORP group had a higher rate of benign surgical incisions (48.7% vs 26.7%) (p = 0.001). Regarding oncologic results, LRP presented a 5.4% of positive margins, which compared significantly with a 16.9% rate in the open group (p = 0.023). However, no differences concerning malignant surgical incisions were observed. CONCLUSION: With no differences in clinical and pathological stage, LRP offers a significant reduction of surgical aggressiveness on the specimen, together with a better MM control. We also observe a clear decrease in blood loss and hospital stay. Therefore, we conclude that LRP in our environment is a valid approach of surgical prostate cancer treatment in spite of a longer operative time (27 minutes) and a steep learning curve.

Fusion esplenogonadal. Presentación de un caso / Splenogonadal fusion. Report of a case

Se presenta un nuevo caso de fusión esplenogonadal en un varón de 27 años. Esta anomalía que resulta la fusión de bazo y gónada a nivel embriológico, se asocia en ocasiones a otras alteraciones congénitas (peromelia). Se presenta con más frecuencia en el escroto izquierdo y aunque descrita en ambos sexos, es diagnosticada con más frecuencia en el sexo masculino. Su importancia clínica radica en que su presentación en forma de tumor suele conducir a la extirpación quirúrgica del mismo. Su reconocimiento a tiempo, (estudio intraoperatorio) puede evitar actuaciones demasiado radicales

We present a new case of splenogonadal fusion in a 27 years old male. This anomaly is the result of an embryological fusion between gonad and spleen. Occasionally there is an association with other congenital alterations (peromelia). Usually it occurs in the left scrotum and, although described in both sexes, it is more frequent in males. Its only symptom is palpable tumor and this makes the surgical approach the only way to make the diagnosis. A frozen section study can avoid unnecessary radical surgery

Cinta suburetral transobturatriz (TOT) en la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo: continencia a mediano plazo y evolución de los síntomas irritativos vesicales / Transobturator tape (TOT) for stress urinary incontinence

Objetivos: Evaluar la continencia urinaria a mediano plazo en las pacientes sometidas a cirugía de incontinencia urinaria con cinta suburetral transobturatriz (TOT) y comparar esta técnica con la técnica de Burch, Marion y puntos de Kelly. Método Evaluación prospectiva de 74 pacientes con incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo sometidas a alguna de las técnicas señaladas entre Octubre de 2003 y Mayo de 2005 en el Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo. Se realizó TOT en 52, Burch en 9, Marion en 9 y Kelly en 4 pacientes. Las pacientes fueron evaluadas en el seguimiento post operatorio por un médico diferente al que realizó la cirugía. Resultados: El seguimiento promedio para el TOT fue 10,6, Burch 14,8, Marion 11,3 y Kelly 8,6 meses. La continencia total o parcial fue para TOT 88 por ciento, Burch 77 por ciento, Marion 62 por ciento y Kelly 75 por ciento. La continencia a 18 meses para el TOT fue de 80 por ciento, Burch 71 por ciento y Marion 40 por ciento. Las pacientes que se sometieron sólo a TOT mantienen la continencia urinaria en un 100 por ciento, significativamente mejor al 81,9 por ciento de las que se sometieron a otro procedimiento quirúrgico asociado. La urgencia miccional desapareció en el TOT en 82 por ciento, Burch 66 por ciento, Marion 71 por ciento y Kelly en el 100 por ciento de las pacientes. La urgencia de novo apareció con TOT en 12 por ciento, Burch 33 por ciento y en ninguna paciente del grupo de Marion o Kelly. Conclusiones: La técnica de TOT tiene excelentes resultados sobre la continencia a mediano plazo y esta se logra con más frecuencia cuando se realizó como procedimiento único. Los síntomas irritativos vesicales ceden en un porcentaje importante de pacientes, independiente de la técnica utilizada.

Objectives: Medium term evaluation of urinary incontinence in patients treated with transobturator tape (TOT) compared to Burch. Marion and Kelly technique. Method: Prospective evaluation of 74 patients with stress urinary incontinence, treated with the mentioned techniques between October 2003 and May 2005 at Hospital Parroquial of San Bernardo. There were 52 TOT, 9 Burch, 9 Marion and 4 Kelly surgeries performed. Patients were all evaluated by other physician different from the one who made the procedure. flesu/fs;The patients were followed up for an average of 10.6 months for TOT, 14,8 months for Burch, 11.3 for Marion, and 8,6 for Kelly. Total or partial continence was achieved in 88 percent of TOT, 77 percent of Burch, 62 percent of Marion and 75 percent of Kelly. Continence within 18 months was obtained in 80 percent of TOT, 71 percent of Burch and 40 percent of Marion submitted patients. Patients who underwent TOT only, had 100 percent continence rates, significantly higher than those who underwent another associated surgical procedure. Micturition urgency disappeared in 82 percent of TOT, 66 percent of Burch, 71 percent of Marion and 100 percent of Kelly surgery. De novo urgency appeared in 12 percent for TOT, 33 percent for Burch and in none of either Marion or Kelly group. Conclusions: The TOT surgical technique has excellent rates of urinary continence evaluated at medium term. Continence rates are best when TOT was performed as the only surgical procedure. Urinary irritating symptoms disappear in a good percentage of patients regardless of the surgical technique chosen.

[Current status of radical laparoscopic prostatectomy]. / Estado actual de la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica.

Laparoscopic surgery can be said to have come of age when it was first indicated for cancer conditions. Advances in this field are largely due to the French school, which has made it a standard practise in prostate cancer. It complies with the principles required for cancer as well as conventional surgery, but it remains to be verified whether its long-term results, both from tumoral and functional perspectives, are not only similar to those of classical surgery, but even better. In fact, increasing numbers of clinical groups are incorporating this technique in their daily work.