ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: The quality of frozen bull sperm after thawing is influenced by the primary diluent and antioxidant. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing L-cysteine and its group analogs on the quality of frozen bull sperm. Materials and Methods: A total of 22 articles obtained from Google Scholar and Scopus were integrated into metadata. The effects of adding L-cysteine and its analogs (e.g., cysteine HCl and N-acetyl-L-cysteine), both of which are known as L-cysteine, were evaluated in this meta-analysis. The following parameters were examined: Abnormality, acrosome damage, acrosomal integrity, DNA damage, DNA integrity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, plasma membrane integrity, pregnancy rate, progressive motility, sperm viability, and total motility. Data were analyzed using the mixed model methodology, with L-cysteine dosage as a fixed effect and different studies as random effects. Results: L-cysteine supplementation significantly increased the total motility (p < 0.05) and MDA content of semen, following a linear pattern. Progressive motility, acrosomal integrity, and plasma membrane integrity were significantly increased, showing a quadratic pattern (p < 0.05). Abnormality and acrosome damage were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), following a quadratic and linear pattern, respectively. Other parameters remained unaffected by L-cysteine supplementation. L-cysteine and cysteine HCl significantly inhibited (p = 0.001) acrosome damage in thawed frozen sperm compared with control sperm. Conclusion: Supplementing L-cysteine and its analog groups are recommended for freezing bull semen as it generally improves sperm quality.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Low motivation to quit smoking affects individual smoking behavior. Health education using audiovisual media can increase smokers' motivation to quit smoking. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of health education using audiovisuals on the Santri smokers' motivation to stop smoking. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was carried out using a pretest-posttest design. The sample in this study included Santri smokers studying at the Traditional Islamic Boarding School in Aceh Besar . This study consisted of 4 groups. Three groups were given intervention (audiovisual health education with different themes) and one group received just health education. Groups were compered in terms of difference in the mean smokers' motivation to quit smoking. The data analysis was done by running paired t-test and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The results of statistical tests showed that there was a difference in the mean motivation to quit smoking before and after the intervention in each group (mean ± SD for group 1 to 4 was 11.52 ± 4.76, 15.39 ± 6.06, 22.57 ± 6.23, and 9.84 ± 6.42, respectively). The highest increase in the mean motivation to quit smoking was allocated to group 3 who received audiovisual health education with the theme of risk of developing cancer due to smoking. CONCLUSION: Health education using audiovisuals could increase the motivation of students to quit smoking, especially interventions on the risk of developing cancer due to smoking. Therefore, health workers are suggested to use audiovisuals to implement various intervention in order to change smoking behavior in students.
