ABSTRACT
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), an inflammatory atopic disease of the esophagus, causes massive eosinophil infiltration, basal cell hyperplasia, and sub-epithelial fibrosis. To elucidate cellular and molecular factors involved in esophageal tissue damage and remodeling, we examined pinch biopsies from EoE and normal pediatric patients. An inflammation gene array confirmed that eotaxin-3, its receptor CCR3 and interleukins IL-13 and IL-5 were upregulated. An extracellular matrix (ECM) gene array revealed upregulation of CD44 & CD54, and of ECM proteases (ADAMTS1 & MMP14). A cytokine antibody array showed a marked decrease in IL-1α and IL-1 receptor antagonist and an increase in eotaxin-2 and epidermal growth factor. Western analysis indicated reduced expression of intercellular junction proteins, E-cadherin and claudin-1 and increased expression of occludin and vimentin. We have identified a number of novel genes and proteins whose expression is altered in EoE. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the disease.
Subject(s)
Eosinophilic Esophagitis/metabolism , Eosinophilic Esophagitis/pathology , Esophagus/pathology , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Junctional Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Adherens Junctions/chemistry , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Humans , Junctional Adhesion Molecules/genetics , Male , Tight Junction Proteins/genetics , Tight Junction Proteins/metabolism , Vimentin/genetics , Vimentin/metabolismABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study assessed the rates and correlates of adolescents' compliance with national guidelines for physical activity. METHODS: A cross-sectional phone survey of adolescents and their parents was conducted in the 100 largest cities in the United States in 2005. Adolescents ages 14-17 years (n = 6125) were asked how many days during the previous week and during a typical week they were physically active for at least 60 minutes. Compliance was defined as 5+ days per week. Parents provided data on teen's age and race/ethnicity, parental education level, annual household income, and region of residence. Associations among these variables and compliance with physical activity guidelines were examined. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the females and 57% of the males complied with the national physical activity guidelines. Logistic regression indicated that for both genders, compliance was significantly associated with having higher household income and that, for females only, compliance declined significantly with age. Region of residence did not predict compliance for either gender. CONCLUSION: A majority of the girls and a large portion of the boys failed to meet the current guidelines, thereby increasing their risks of multiple health problems. Targeting intervention resources for low income teens and older adolescent teen girls is recommended.
