[Task-orientated therapy (target-therapy) directed to patients with renal cell carcinoma].

Two main ways playing a cardinal role in the pathogenesis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have been identified in recent years, they are following: 1) a way of the mutation of a gene suppressor VHL (Van-Hippel-Lindau), stimulating various types of tyrosine-kinases participating in the development of tumors; 2) mTOR way, where ramapycyn plays a leading role, which effect proliferation and angiogenesis of mRCC. This discovery enabled the development of a new generation of highly effective medications for target-therapy of mRCCC--tyrosine-kinases inhibitors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR-alpha/PDGFR-beta, Raf-kinases, etc.) sunitimab, sorafenib, pazopanib, axitinib, etc. and mTOR inhibitors--everolimus and temsirolimus as well as monoclonal neutralising antibody VEGF (bevasizumab). The review is devoted to the analysis of antitumor activity, patient tolerance and side effect of these preparations in the system therapy of patients with mRCC.

[Electron microscopy and ultracytochemistry of lymphocytes containing Gall bodies in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin disease and clean-up workers of the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Plant accident]. / Elektronnaia mikroskopiia i ul'tratsitokhimiia limfotsitov, soderzhashchikh tel'tsa Golla, v krovi bol'nykh, stradaiushchikh diabetom, bolezn'iu Khodzhkina, i likvidatorov avarii na ChAES.

Submicroscopic and ultracytochemical changes in lymphocytes containing Gall body complex in the cytoplasm, have been studied in the blood of patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin disease, and clean-up workers of the Chernobyl accident. It has been shown that each pathological state was characterized by specific changes in the ultrastructure of Gall body complex, that pointed out its important role in the function of this type of lymphocytes and may be used as an additional cytological criterion in the estimation of T-immunity status.

[Electron microscopy and ultracytochemistry of blood lymphocytes containing Gall bodies in healthy individuals]. / Elektronnaia mikroskopiia i ul'tratsitokhimiia limfotsitov, soderzhashchikh tel'tsa Golla, krovi zdorovykh liudei.

The authors have conducted electron microscopic and ultracytochemical studies of blood lymphocytes of healthy individuals containing Gall bodies (GB) which are typical for CD4+ cell subpopulation. It has been established that GB have quite a complex submicroscopic structure and together with its derivates, granules-satellites, as well as mitochondria, microfilaments, rough endoplasmic reticulum canaliculi, and Golgi complex it forms a unique active functional complex. GB show a high activity of acid phosphatase and positive reaction to glycogen. The data obtained suggest the leading role of GB in the production of cytokins and other biologically active substances.

[Biological and therapeutic properties of erythropoietin]. / Biologicheskie i lechebnye svoistva éritropoétina.

In this review the authors present data on biological and medical properties and high therapeutic efficacy of recently produced recombinant drugs of alfa and beta erythropoietin in the treatment of erythropoietin-deficient anaemia in patients with malignancies, diabetes mellitus, and nephropathies of other genesis. The article contains materials of international congresses held in 2001 addressing the above issues besides the newest publications.

[Immunophenotype characteristics of blood lymphocytes in patients with lymphogranulomatosis]. / Osobennosti immunofenotipa limfotsitov krovi u bol'nykh limfogranulematozom.

The blood lymphocyte immunophenotype was studied in patients with lymphogranulomatosis including those having been exposed to the Chernobyl spectrum radionuclide radiation in the doses up to 75 sGy. It is shown that in both groups of patients, there tends to be a decline in indices for T- and EK-cell immunity, that comes to be the most apparent in radiation-associated lymphogranulomatosis. The data obtained provide scientific explanation of more aggressive course of the disease in such patients and of difficulty in treatment.

[Experience in treating peripheral T-cell lymphomas by a new program]. / Opyt lecheniia perifericheskikh T-kletochnykh limfom po novoi programme.

To treat patients with an accurately verified peripheral T-cellular lymphoma presenting with a high degree malignancy, there has been used a new aggressive chemotherapeutic protocol "Bu". It is more effective than the well known protocol CHOP. 83% patients achieved complete remission as well as long-term survival. Immunophenotyping of cells of malignant lymphomas had been done before choosing the relevant chemotherapeutic treatment policy.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of NKHI+- and CD8+-subpopulations of large granule-containing lymphocytes in the blood of patients with Hodgkin's disease]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia kharakteristika NKHI+- i SD8+-subpopuliatsii bol'shikh granulosoderzhashchikh limfotsitov krovi bolnykh limfogranulematozom.

Ultrastructure of NKH1+ and CD8+ subpopulations of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) obtained by the flow cytometry method using corresponding monoclonal antibodies was studied in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Electron microscopy has identified different changes in ultrastructure of LGL, especially of osmiophilic granules. The results indicate significant changes in the functional activity and defect of LGL in blood at early stages of the disease.

[Ultrastructure of large granule-containing lymphocytes possessing natural killer activity]. / Ul'trastruktura bol'shikh granulosoderzhashchikh limfotsitov, obladaiushchikh estestvennoi killernoi aktivnost'iu.

By means of light and electron microscopy, ultrastructural cytochemistry and immune cytochemistry methods, contents and ultrastructure of large granule-containing lymphocytes (LGL) have been studied in human blood--this is cell population possessing natural killer and, partly, antibody-depending cytotoxicity. The LGL concentrates are isolated from blood applying successive physical-chemical methods, differential centrifugation in the density gradient of pack-phycoll and percoll included. Separate LGL populations are marked by means of rosette-forming reaction with sheep erythrocytes and monoclonal antibodies OKT4 and OKT8. Relative and absolute amount of the LGL in 1 1 of blood is 5.4 +/- 0.5% and 0.319 +/- 0.28 X 10(9), respectively. The LGL ultrastructure is characterized with a low nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, with presence of osmiophilic (azurophilic) granules in cytoplasm and specific parallel-tubular structures, with a well developed Golgi complex, an essential number of mitochondria, vesicles with smooth wall and vacuoles, as well as multivesicular bodies and Gallo bodies. The LGL subpopulations, expressing various membrane antigens (E+, E-, OKT8+, OKT8-) differ in their ultrastructure, that is evidently stipulated by the degree of their differentiation and their function.

[Count and ultrastructure of large granule-containing lymphocytes in the blood of lymphogranulomatosis patients]. / Kolichestvo i ul'trastruktura bol'shikh granulosoderzhashchikh limfotsitov v krovi bol'nykh limfogranulematozom.

The blood-level and ultrastructure of large granular lymphocytes (LGL)--a subpopulation with natural killer activity--were studied in 120 cases of Hodgkin's disease and 50 healthy controls. A marked increase in the relative and total number of LGLs was observed in patients with complication--free stage I--II tumor. Electron microscopy identified changes in the size and ultrastructure of osmiophilic granules as well as a relatively higher level of parallel tubular arrays in LGL cytoplasm. Unfavorable clinical course involved a decrease in blood-LGL level. The results pointed to significant changes occurring in natural immunity in Hodgkin's disease.