ABSTRACT
A number of structurally novel P2-ligands have been designed and synthesized. Incorporation of these ligands in the (R)-(hydroxyethyl)sulfonamide isostere provided a series of potent non-peptidyl HIV protease inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Drug Design , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Epidemiology suggests a possible relationship between exposure to power frequency magnetic fields (EMF) and breast cancer. One mechanism through which EMF could stimulate breast cancer induction is via altered expression of oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes that regulate normal and neoplastic growth. To evaluate the hypothesis that EMF action in the breast is mediated by alterations in gene expression, transcript levels of c-myc and a battery of other cancer-associated genes were quantitated in human breast epithelial cells exposed to pure, linearly polarized 60 Hz EMF with low harmonic distortion. HBL-100 cells and normal (non-transformed) human mammary epithelial cells were exposed to EMF flux densities of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 Gauss (G) for periods ranging from 20 min to 24 h; concurrent sham controls were exposed to ambient fields (<0.001 G) only. Gene expression was quantitated using ribonuclease protection assays. EMF exposure had no statistically significant effect on basal levels of c-myc transcripts in either human breast cell model, and had no effect on alterations in c-myc expression induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Transcript levels of c-erbB-2, p53, p21, GADD45, bax, bcl-x, mcl-1, and c-fos were also unaffected by EMF exposure. These results suggest that EMF is unlikely to influence breast cancer induction through a mechanism involving altered expression of these genes.
Subject(s)
Breast/radiation effects , Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects , Gene Expression , Genes, Tumor Suppressor , Genes, myc/radiation effects , Carcinogens , Cell Line , Epithelial Cells/radiation effects , Female , Humans , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism , Radiation Dosage , Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism , Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Triciribine (TCN) is a tricyclic nucleoside with known antineoplastic and antiviral activity. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2, including strains known to be resistant to AZT or TIBO. TCN is phosphorylated to its 5'-monophosphate (TCN-P) by intracellular adenosine kinase (AK), but is not converted to di- or triphosphates. We now report that 5'-phosphorylation is requisite for the activity of TCN against HIV-1. CEM cells incubated with TCN at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 330 microM gave intracellular TCN-P concentrations from 27 to 775 microM, respectively. There was no difference in the amount of intracellular TCN-P detected in uninfected compared with HIV-1-infected CEM cells. The antiviral effect of TCN against HIV-1 was strongly antagonized by the AK inhibitor 5-iodotubercidin (ITu). In contrast, TCN and ITu only exhibited additive cytotoxicity. The 5'-deoxy analog of TCN, which cannot be phosphorylated, had no antiviral effect against HIV-1 at a concentration more than 100 times higher than the IC50 of TCN. Similarly, TCN was not active against HIV-1 in an AK-deficient cell line (AA-2) at concentrations shown to inhibit the virus by >95% in CEM cells. Consistent with its AK-deficient phenotype, this cell line phosphorylated TCN to only 3% of the extent observed in CEM cells. We conclude that TCN must be phosphorylated to TCN-P for activity against HIV-1.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , HIV-1/drug effects , Ribonucleosides/pharmacology , Ribonucleotides/pharmacology , Acenaphthenes , Adenosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Adenosine Kinase/metabolism , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , Biotransformation , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Humans , Jurkat Cells , Phosphorylation , Ribonucleosides/chemistry , Ribonucleosides/pharmacokinetics , Ribonucleotides/chemistry , Ribonucleotides/pharmacokinetics , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
A series of novel spirocyclic ethers were designed to function as nonpeptidal P2-ligands for HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Incorporation of designed ligands in the (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere afforded potent HIV protease inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Ethers, Cyclic/chemistry , Ethers, Cyclic/chemical synthesis , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , HIV Protease/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Ethers, Cyclic/pharmacology , HIV Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , HIV-1/enzymology , Humans , Kinetics , Ligands , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Design and synthesis of a series of very potent nonpeptide HIV protease inhibitors are described. The inhibitors are derived from novel high affinity P2-ligands and (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere.
Subject(s)
HIV Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Cell Line , Drug Design , Humans , Ligands , Models, Chemical , Saquinavir/analogs & derivatives , Saquinavir/chemistryABSTRACT
Schizophrenia is a serious and often debilitating neuropsychiatric disease of worldwide importance. Current therapy relies on the use of typical antipsychotic medications, which specifically inhibit binding of ligand at the D2 dopamine receptor, and atypical medications which display little activity for this receptor interaction. While atypical antipsychotic agents have been shown to variably inhibit other neuroreceptor-ligand interactions, the exact mechanisms for the therapeutic efficacy of these medications have not been completely defined. Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic, and nine of its metabolites were studied in vitro for possible antiviral activity against a model of a human neurotropic virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In an assay for inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) two metabolites demonstrated antiviral activity (ID50 = 37-85 micrograms/ml) (119-289 microM), while other atypical or novel antipsychotics as well as typical medications had no effect. Based on an ELISA, four chemically similar metabolites inhibited the production of p24, the major internal antigen of HIV (ID50 = 11.6-15.7 micrograms/ml) (38-51 microM). These data suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of some antipsychotics may be due in part to an ability to inhibit viral replication. Antiviral agents may prove to be effective adjuncts in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology , Clozapine/analogs & derivatives , Clozapine/pharmacology , HIV-1/drug effects , Virus Replication/drug effects , Cell Line , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The historical antisyphilis drug oxyphenarsine has been tested for antiviral activity and for cytotoxicity to characterize it as a potential therapy for treatment of HIV infections. These data show that the compound demonstrates marginal antiviral activity against the HTLV-IIIB strain of HIV-1, two clinical isolates of HIV-1 (one sensitive to AZT and one resistant), and the MS strain of HIV-2. However, treatment with concentrations of oxyphenarsine showing optimal anti-HIV activity resulted in significant cytotoxicity. The drug's selectivity index was not significantly improved when tested against H9 cells chronically infected with the HTLV-IIIB strain of HIV-1. Thus, despite a previous report suggesting significant antiviral activity and low cytotoxicity for oxyphenarsine, the data presented here do not provide support for further development of this drug as an anti-HIV agent.
