Influence of Liquid Lubrication on the Screw-Joint Stability of Y-TZP Implant Abutment Systems.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of abutment screws coated with liquid Vaseline on the screw-joint stability of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) abutment systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty Y-TZP prefabricated abutments, 20 Neodent and 20 Bionnovation, were tightened to 20 Ncm on their respective external hexagon implants, and divided into four groups (n = 10) according to the screws: coated with Vaseline or uncoated. The removal torque (RT) value of the abutment screw was measured before and after loading. A cyclic loading (0.5 × 106 cycles; 15 Hz) between 11 and 211 N was applied. Means were compared using a repeated-measures ANOVA (α = 0.05). RESULTS: There was no significant difference between coated and uncoated screws (p = 0.822). Significant differences were found between the abutment systems (p < 0.001). There was a significant effect of cyclic loading (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Coated and uncoated screws presented similar effectiveness in maintaining preload. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The liquid lubricant used in this study does not influence the stability of Y-TZP single-implant restorations.

Vertical Misfit of Single-Implant Abutments Made from Different Materials Under Cyclic Loading.

PURPOSE: Little information is available in the literature regarding the accuracy of marginal fit of abutments made from different materials. The aim of this study was to compare the level of vertical misfit in abutments made from different materials before and after cyclic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty external hexagon implants, 3.75-mm diameter and 13-mm length, were embedded in epoxy resin and divided into three groups according to abutment type (n = 10): (1) machined titanium (Ti) abutments; (2) premachined gold-alloy (Au) abutments; and (3) machined zirconia (Zr) abutments. The abutments were attached to their respective implants by titanium alloy screws at the manufacturer's recommended torque. A cyclic loading (0.5 × 10(6) cycles; 15 Hz) between 11 and 211 N was applied at an angle of 30 degrees to the long axis of the implants. Implant-abutment vertical misfits (µm) were measured at four predetermined points before and after loading with a stereomicroscope at 60× magnification. The group means were compared using a three-way repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (α = .05). RESULTS: The results from the ANOVA identified significant effects of the abutment type (P < .001). However, there were no significant effects of cyclic loading (P = .978) or measured surfaces (P = .955). When the abutment groups were compared regardless of cyclic loading and measured surfaces, the Au group showed the highest value of vertical misfit (14.93 ± 0.78), followed by the Ti group (8.53 ± 0.44) and the Zr group (5.64 ± 0.73), with statistically significant differences among them (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The abutment groups showed statistically significant differences in vertical misfit. Zr abutments showed the highest accuracy in terms of marginal fit, and Au abutments showed the lowest. Cyclic loading did not significantly change the level of vertical misfit. All experimental groups presented acceptable values of marginal misfit.

Relationship between the morphology of the maxillary central incisor and horizontal and vertical measurements of the face.

PURPOSE: In order to assist in the selection of artificial teeth for complete dentures, this study aimed to assess the relationship between horizontal and vertical measurements of the face and the morphology of the maxillary central incisor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a study of 50 plaster casts and 100 teleradiographs - 50 in lateral norm and 50 in frontal norm, belonging to 50 individuals, Caucasian, with a naturally optimal occlusion, matching at least four of the six keys of Andrews. Images of the upper central incisors were obtained by scanning the plaster casts (three-dimensional) and subjectively classified by three examiners as oval, triangular or quadrangular. Facial measures (vertical and horizontal) were defined by means of teleradiographs. In order to check inter-examiner agreement on the classification of central incisor, the Kappa test was used. To verify whether data had normal distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used (P > 0.2) was used. One-way analysis of variance was employed to assess the association between variables (P > 0.05). RESULTS: When vertical measurements were compared with the three incisor shapes, there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05): Triangular (0.54), oval (0.63) and quadrangular (0.51). Similarly, no difference (P > 0.05) was found for facial width (139.08, 143.37, 141.65), maxillary width (76.68, 78.99, 76.91) and mandibular width (103.47, 105.50, 103.11). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of cases showed that horizontal and vertical measurements of the face cannot be used as a reference for determining the morphology of the maxillary central incisor crown. It is relevant to analyze and compare other morphological structures to improve the oral health-related quality of life for the conventional denture wearer.

Análise biomecânica de três tipos de conexões protéticas em implantes dentários de diâmetro reduzido / Biomechanical analysis of three types of prosthetic connections on reduced diameter dental implants

Objetivos: avaliar o comportamento biomecânico de três tipos de conexão protética em implantes de diâmetro reduzido. Material e Métodos: implantes com diâmetro 3,25 mm (plataforma 3,4 mm) foram inseridos em polioximetileno (poliacetal) com torque máximo de 45 Ncm e receberam componentes protéticos calcináveis divididos em três grupos: G1: cone-morse (CM), hexágono interno (HI), e Hexágono externo (HE). Todo os pilares foram sobrefundidos em liga de CoCr e aparafusados com torque de 20 Ncm conforme recomendações do fabricante. A avaliação biomecânica ocorreu conforme a norma ISO 14801-2007: carregamento compressivo 30º e fadiga cíclica (f=15Hz, 5 milhões de ciclos) em ambiente seco. A análise estatística foi conduzida usando-se os testes Anova e Tukey (nível de significância 5%). Resultados: os valores compressivos médios foram: G1 (317,43 N), G2 (559,44 N), e G3 (290,83 N). Diferenças signifi cativas foram vistas entre G1 e G2 (p < 0,001) e entre G2 e G3 (p < 0,0001). Não houve diferença entre grupos no teste de fadiga. Os valores correspondentes foram: G1 (190,80 N), G2 (163,25 N), e G3 (141,77 N). Conclusões: todos os grupos demonstraram desempenho biomecânico aceitável

Objectives: to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of three types of prosthetic abutment connections in reduced implant diameters. Material and Methods: 3.25 mm-diameter dental implants (3.4 mm implant platform) were inserted in polyoxymethylene (polyacetal) resin with maximum torque of 45Ncm and received burnout prosthetic abutments divided into three groups: G1: cone-morse (CM), Internal Hex (IH), and External Hex (EH). All abutments were overcast in a CoCr alloy and fastened to 20 Ncm following manufacturer’s instructions. Biomechanical evaluation was performed according to ISO 14801-2007 standards: 30º compressive and fatigue loading (f = 15 Hz, 5 million cycles) in dry environment. Statistical analysis was conducted with Anova and post-hoc Tukey tests (5% signifi cance level). Results: mean compressive values were: G1 (317.43 N), G2 (559.44 N), and G3 (290.83 N). Signifi cant differences were seen between G1 and G2 (p < 0.001) and between G2 and G3 (p < 0.0001). No differences among groups were seen for fatigue loading. The correspondent endurance limits were: G1 (190.80 N), G2 (163.25 N), and G3 (141.77 N). Conclusions: all groups demonstrated acceptable biomechanical performance.

Influence of three types of abutments on preload values before and after cyclic loading with structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of three types of abutments in the maintenance of screw joint preload before and after cyclic loading as well as to observe possible microdamage in the structure of the components using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five external-hex implants were embedded in epoxy resin, received their respective abutments, and were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 15): (1) machined titanium (Ti) abutments; (2) pre-machined gold (Au) abutments; and (3) machined zirconia (ZrO(2)) abutments. The abutment screws were tightened according to the manufacturer's recommended torque. Initially, a static bending test was performed using five specimens of each group to determine the load applied in the cyclic loading test. Thus, 10 specimens of each group were used to measure the reverse torque value (preload) of the abutment screw before and after loading. A cyclic loading (0.5 × 10(6) cycles; 15 Hz) between 11 and 211 N was applied at an angle of 30 degrees to the long axis of the implants. The group means were compared using analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α = .05). RESULTS: The reverse torque analysis before cyclic loading showed no significant difference among the groups (P > .05). After cyclic loading, all preload means decreased significantly. The lowest decrease in preload was observed in the Ti group, whereas the highest decrease was observed in the ZrO(2) group, with a significant difference noted between them (P = .010). The Au group presented an intermediate decrease, with no significant difference compared to the other groups (P > .05). SEM images showed structural changes in the mating surfaces of the abutments after cyclic loading. CONCLUSION: The load application reduced the preload means significantly in all groups, and more significantly in the ZrO(2) group.

Effectiveness of screw surface coating on the stability of zirconia abutments after cyclic loading.

PURPOSE: Different surface treatments have been developed in attempts to prevent the loosening of abutment screws. The aim of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of titanium alloy screws with tungsten-doped diamond-like carbon (W-DLC) coating and uncoated screws in providing stability to zirconia (ZrO2) ceramic abutments after cyclic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty prefabricated ZrO2 ceramic abutments on their respective external-hex implants were divided into two groups of equal size according to the type of screw used: uncoated titanium alloy screw (Ti) or titanium alloy screw with W-DLC coating (W-DLC/Ti). The removal torque value (preload) of the abutment screw was measured before and after loading. Cyclic loading between 11 and 211 N was applied at an angle of 30 degrees to the long axis of the implants at a frequency of 15 Hz. A target of 0.5 X 106 cycles was defined. Group means were calculated and compared using analysis of variance and the F test (α = .05). RESULTS: Before cyclic loading, the preload for Ti screws was significantly higher than that for W-DLC/Ti screws (P = .021). After cyclic loading, there was no significant difference between them (P = .499). CONCLUSIONS: Under the studied conditions, it can be concluded that, after cyclic loading, both abutment screws presented a significant reduction in the mean retained preload and similar effectiveness in maintaining preload.

Influence of surface treatments on the flexural strength of denture base repair.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of repairs made with autopolymerising acrylic resin after different treatments of joint surfaces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty rectangular specimens were made with heat-polymerised acrylic resin and 40 were repaired with autopolymerising acrylic resin following joint surface treatments: group 1 (intact specimens), group 2 (chemical treatment: wetting with methyl-methacrylate for 180 s), group 3 (abraded with silicon carbide paper), group 4 (abraded and wetting with methyl-methacrylate for 180 s) and group 5 (without surface treatment). The flexural strength was measured by a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine with a 100 Kgf load cell in the centre of repair at 5 mm/min cross-head speed. All data were analysed using one-way anova and Tukey HSD test for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Among repaired specimens, groups 2 and 4 had 66.53 ± 3.4 and 69.38 ± 1.8 MPa mean values and were similar. These groups had superior flexural strength than groups 3 and 5 that were similar and had 54.11 ± 3.4 and 51.24 ± 2.8 MPa mean values, respectively. Group 1 had a mean value of 108.30 ± 2.8 MPa being the highest result. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the treatment of the joint surfaces with methyl-methacrylate increases the flexural strength of denture base repairs, although the strength is still lower than that observed for the intact denture base resin. Abrasion with sandpaper was not able to influence the flexural strength of repaired denture bases.

Flexural strength of acrylic resin repairs processed by different methods: water bath, microwave energy and chemical polymerization.

UNLABELLED: Denture fractures are common in daily practice, causing inconvenience to the patient and to the dentists. Denture repairs should have adequate strength, dimensional stability and color match, and should be easily and quickly performed as well as relatively inexpensive. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of acrylic resin repairs processed by different methods: warm water-bath, microwave energy, and chemical polymerization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty rectangular specimens (31x10x2.5 mm) were made with warm water-bath acrylic resin (Lucitone 550) and grouped (15 specimens per group) according to the resin type used to make repair procedure: 1) specimens of warm water-bath resin (Lucitone 550) without repair (control group); 2) specimens of warm water-bath resin repaired with warm water-bath; 3) specimens of warm water-bath resin repaired with microwave resin (Acron MC); 4) specimens of warm water-bath resin repaired with autopolymerized acrylic resin (Simplex). Flexural strength was measured with the three-point bending in a universal testing machine (MTS 810 Material Test System) with load cell of 100 kgf under constant speed of 5 mm/min. Data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The control group showed the best result (156.04±1.82 MPa). Significant differences were found among repaired specimens and the results were decreasing as follows: group 3 (43.02±2.25 MPa), group 2 (36.21±1.20 MPa) and group 4 (6.74±0.85 MPa). CONCLUSION: All repaired specimens demonstrated lower flexural strength than the control group. Repairs with autopolymerized acrylic resin showed the lowest flexural strength.

Flexural strength of acrylic resin repairs processed by different methods: water bath, microwave energy and chemical polymerization

Denture fractures are common in daily practice, causing inconvenience to the patient and to the dentists. Denture repairs should have adequate strength, dimensional stability and color match, and should be easily and quickly performed as well as relatively inexpensive. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of acrylic resin repairs processed by different methods: warm water-bath, microwave energy, and chemical polymerization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty rectangular specimens (31x10x2.5 mm) were made with warm water-bath acrylic resin (Lucitone 550) and grouped (15 specimens per group) according to the resin type used to make repair procedure: 1) specimens of warm water-bath resin (Lucitone 550) without repair (control group); 2) specimens of warm water-bath resin repaired with warm water-bath; 3) specimens of warm water-bath resin repaired with microwave resin (Acron MC); 4) specimens of warm water-bath resin repaired with autopolymerized acrylic resin (Simplex). Flexural strength was measured with the three-point bending in a universal testing machine (MTS 810 Material Test System) with load cell of 100 kgf under constant speed of 5 mm/min. Data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The control group showed the best result (156.04±1.82 MPa). Significant differences were found among repaired specimens and the results were decreasing as follows: group 3 (43.02±2.25 MPa), group 2 (36.21±1.20 MPa) and group 4 (6.74±0.85 MPa). CONCLUSION: All repaired specimens demonstrated lower flexural strength than the control group. Repairs with autopolymerized acrylic resin showed the lowest flexural strength.

Influência do tipo de pilar de resistência mecânica pré-ciclagem, quantidade de toque retido e desajuste vertical pré e pós-ciclagem, com análise estrutural em MEV / Influence of abutment type in mechanical strength before cyclic loading, retained torque and vertical misfit before and after cyclic loading with structural analysis by SEM

Problemática: De ocorrência clínica comum, o afrouxamento dos parafusos que compõe uma prótese sobre implante é uma complicação que traz transtornos tanto para o profissional quanto para o paciente. Entre os fatores que interferem na estabilidade da união parafusada destaca-se a pré-carga gerada durante o torque do parafuso, as formas como as forças se dissipam através do conjunto implante/pilar/parafuso e as características dos componentes utilizados. Proposição: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar comparativamente três tipos de pilares sobre implantes, quanto a resistência mecânica previamente ao ensaio de carga cíclica; a porcentagem de torque retido na união parafusada e os níveis de desajuste vertical entre o pilar e o implante antes e após ciclagem; e alterações estruturais na base de assentamento dos pilares através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Material e método: Quarenta e cinco implantes, com conexão tipo hexágono externo foram incluídos em cilindros de PVC utilizando-se resina epóxica com módulo de elasticidade semelhante à estrutura óssea. Os grupos foram estabelecidos de acordo com o tipo de pilar utilizado (n=15): Titânio (pré-fabricado), Ouro (com cinta metálica pré-fabricada e sobre fundido) e Zircônia (pré-fabricado). Cinco pilares de cada grupo foram submetidos a teste de resistência estática para estabelecimento do valor da força a ser utilizada no ensaio de carga cíclica. Os outros 10 pilares de cada grupo foram fixados sobre os respectivos implantes através de parafuso de titânio, sob torque e retorque de 32 Ncm (pilares metálicos) e 20 Ncm (pilar de zircônia). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos à aferição do torque retido (précarga) e dos níveis de desajuste vertical antes e após ensaio de carga cíclica. Os testes foram realizados de acordo com a norma ISO 14801, onde uma força variando entre 11 - 211 N foi aplicada com 30º de inclinação em relação ao longo eixo do implante por 500.000 ciclos e frequência de 15 Hz. Imagens em MEV foram realizadas antes e após os testes a fim de identificar alterações estruturais nos componentes. Quando efeitos significativos entre os grupos foram encontrados pelo teste ANOVA o teste de Tukey, com significância de 5% foi aplicado para identificar as diferenças. Resultado: Com relação à resistência mecânica, os pilares de ouro demonstraram os maiores valores médios com diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação aos outros pilares (titânio e zircônia), não havendo diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre esses. Quanto à porcentagem de torque retido, previamente a ciclagem não houve diferença entre os grupos. Após a ciclagem, a porcentagem de torque retido diminuiu significativamente para todos os grupos. Os pilares de titânio apresentaram a maior retenção de torque, enquanto os pilares de zircônia a menor, com diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. Os pilares de ouros apresentaram uma retenção de torque intermediaria, sem diferenças estatisticamente significante para os demais grupos. Com relação aos níveis de desajuste vertical, os pilares de ouro foram os que apresentaram as maiores médias, seguido pelo grupo titânio e zircônia respectivamente com diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre todos os grupos. Não foram encontradas diferenças nas análises pré e pós ciclagem, assim como entre as diferentes faces de medição. Imagens em MEV demonstraram alterações estruturais em todos os tipos de pilares após aplicação de carga cíclica, tais como desgastes, amassamento se perda de estrutura. Conclusão: A resistência mecânica dos pilares de zircônia foi considerada igual a dos pilares de titânio. Quanto à porcentagem de torque retido, em todos os grupos houve uma diminuição significativa após a aplicação de carga cíclica. Pilares obtidos através de procedimentos laboratoriais (sobre-fundição) apresentaram os piores níveis de desajuste vertical. Imagens em MEV demonstraram alterações evidentes na base de assentamento dos pilares após aplicação de carga cíclica

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate comparatively three type of abutment in regard to mechanical resistance before cyclic loading, the maintenance of the applied torque and vertical misfit in abutment/implant interface before and after cyclic loading, and damage surface by SEM. Material and Method: Forty five external hex implants were embedded in an epoxy resin and received your respective abutments, randomly divided in three experimental groups (n=15): (A) machined titanium (Ti) abutments; (B) premachined gold (Au) abutments and (C) machined zirconia (ZrO2) abutments. For all groups, only one type of screw was used. The abutment screws were tightened according to the manufacture's recommended torque. Initially, a static bending test was performed using 5 specimens of each group to determine the load applied in the cyclic loading test. Thus, 10 specimens of each group were used to measure the reverse torque value (preload) of the abutment screw and vertical gap between the abutments and implant, before and after loading. The tests were performed according to ISO norm 14801. A cyclic loading (0,5 x 106 cycles; 15 Hz) between 11 - 211 N was applied at an angle of 30 degrees to the long axis of the implants. Group means were compared using ANOVA and Tukey test. Result: The mechanical strength test showed that the UFL mean for Au abutments was significantly higher than the mean of the other abutments (p<0.001). The analysis of reverse torque (preload) before cyclic loading showed no significant differences among abutment groups. After cyclic loading the lowest decrease in preload was observed in group Ti, whereas the highest was observed in group ZrO2, with significant differences between them. The group Au showed an intermediate decrease, with no significant difference to the other groups. In relation to the vertical misfit, the gold abutments showed the highest values, followed by the titanium and zirconia respectively. SEM images obtained after cyclic loading showed clear changes on the seating surfaces of abutments. Conclusion: The mechanical strength of the zirconia abutments was similar to titanium abutments. The load application on the joint implant/abutment/screw reduced significantly torque values in all groups. Premachined abutments presented the worst levels of vertical misfit. SEM images showed changes evident on the seating surfaces of abutments after cyclic loading application

Efeito da incorporação de hipoclorito de cálcio em gesso tipo III sobre a estabilidade dimensional, resistência à tração diametral e a compressão / Effect of calcium hypocloride incorporation in dental stone III – dimensional stability, tracion and compression resistance

Neste trabalho foram analisadas as possíveis alterações promovidas pela incorporação de agentes desinfetantes na resistência à compressão, estabilidade dimensional linear e resistência à tração diametral de modelos em gesso. As amostras foram confeccionadas em gesso pedra tipo III e divididas nos seguintes grupos: Grupo 1- controle (espatulado de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante); Grupo 2- adição de 0,5 % de hipoclorito de cálcio; Grupo 3- adição de 1,0 % de hipoclorito de cálcio; Grupo 4- adição de 1,5 % de hipoclorito de cálcio. Baseado nos resultados obtidos pode se observar que a incorporação de hipoclorito de cálcio influenciou negativamente nos valores de resistência a tração diametral do gesso avaliado, aspecto também observado na resistência a compressão com a incorporação de hipoclorito de cálcio 1,5%. A análise da estabilidade dimensional demonstrou que o agente desinfetante promoveu uma diminuição na expansão de presa apresentada pelo gesso. Com isso, concluímos que a incorporação de hipoclorito de cálcio promove uma tendência à diminuição da expansão apresentada durante a presa do gesso, porém esta incorporação acarreta uma diminuição na resistência dos modelos de gesso.