ABSTRACT
A crucial component in designing soft actuating structures with controllable shape changes is programming internal, mismatching stresses. In this work, a new paradigm for achieving anisotropic dynamics between isotropic end-states-yielding a non-reciprocal shrinking/swelling response over a full actuation cycle-in a microscale actuator made of a single material, purely through microscale design is demonstrated. Anisotropic dynamics is achieved by incorporating micro-sized pores into certain segments of the structures; by arranging porous and non-porous segments (specifically, struts) into a 2D hexagonally-shaped microscopic poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) hydrogel particle, the rate of isotropic shrinking/swelling in the structure is locally modulated, generating global anisotropic, non-reciprocal, dynamics. A simple mathematical model is introduced that reveals the physics that underlies these dynamics. This design has the potential to be used as a foundational tool for inducing non-reciprocal actuation cycles with a single material structure, and enables new possibilities in producing customized soft actuators and modular anisotropic metamaterials for a range of real-world applications, such as artificial cilia.
Subject(s)
Hydrogels , Anisotropy , PorosityABSTRACT
Autophoretic microswimmers self-propel via surface interactions with a surrounding solute fuel. Chemically-active filaments are an exciting new microswimmer design that augments traditional autophoretic microswimmers, such as spherical Janus particles, with extra functionality inherent to their slender filament geometry. Slender Phoretic Theory (SPT) was developed by Katsamba et al. to analyse the dynamics of chemically-active filaments with arbitrary three-dimensional shape and chemical patterning. SPT provides a line integral solution for the solute concentration field and slip velocity on the filament surface. In this work, we exploit the generality of SPT to calculate a number of new, non-trivial analytical solutions for slender autophoretic microswimmers, including a general series solution for phoretic filaments with arbitrary geometry and surface chemistry, a universal solution for filaments with a straight centreline, and explicit solutions for some canonical shapes useful for practical applications and benchmarking numerical code. Many common autophoretic particle designs include discrete jumps in surface chemistry; here we extend our SPT to handle such discontinuities, showing that they are regularised by a boundary layer around the jump. Since our underlying framework is linear, combinations of our results provide a library of analytic solutions that will allow researchers to probe the interplay of activity patterning and shape.
ABSTRACT
HYPOTHESIS: 'Bridge splitting' is considered in the case of capillary adhesion: a fixed total volume of liquid is split into multiple capillary bridges. Previous studies have shown that bridge splitting only enhances the capillary-induced adhesion force between two planar surfaces in specific circumstances. We hypothesise that bridge splitting significantly enhances the total adhesion force between rough surfaces, since mobile wetting bridges can naturally migrate to narrower gaps. This migration of capillary bridges should also provide a resistance to shear. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS: We theoretically consider an idealized system of many liquid bridges confined between two solid surfaces. By numerically calculating the shape of a single bridge, the total adhesion force is found as the number of bridges and roughness are varied. The resistance to shear is also calculated in the limit of strong surface tension or small shears. FINDINGS: Bridge splitting on a rough surface significantly enhances the adhesion force, with an enhancement that increases with the amplitude of the roughness; maximising over the number of bridges can increase the total adhesion force by an order of magnitude. Resistance to shear is shown to increase linearly with the translation velocity, and the behaviour of many such shearing bridges is quantified.
