[The 3'-UTR polymorphism of dopamine transporter gene in hadza and datoga males].

The study of VNTR-polymorphism and the molecular struc ture of 3'-UTR of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) was performed in hadza and datoga males. It was shown that hadza and datoga differed in allele and genotype frequencies. Allele with 9 repeats in 3'-UTR is more common in hadza as well as homozygous genotype DAT19/9. Allele with 10 repeats is more common in datoga as well as homozygous genotype DAT1 10/10. The molecular structure of the DAT alleles with 3, 8 and 12 repeats was determined for the first time. In addition it was found that DAT1 allele with 11 repeats in datoga significantly differed from previously described ones in other populations in repeats type and arrangement. We suggest that variations of the repeats num ber and type in the 3'-UTR of allelic variants may affect the dopamine transporter gene function.

[Polymorphism of 5-HTTLPR and Stin2 loci of the serotonin transporter gene in males of African ethnic populations Hadza and Datoga].

A molecular-genetic study of 5-HTTLPR and the Stin2 loci of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTL) in males of the African ethnic populations Hadza and Datoga, which differ in the level of culturally acceptable aggression, was carried out. The distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of these two loci was established. It was shown that the frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles among Hadza and Datoga in the examined samples is practically identical by the VNTR-polymorphism of both loci. However, the Hadza populations, as compared to Datoga, showed a significant (p = 0.006) increase in the frequency of the transcriptionally less active allele L(G) of the 5-HTTLPR locus. For the first time, the structure of the allelic variant of locus Stin2 with eight repetitions (Stin2.8) is described and established for African populations. The test for independence of the frequency distribution of the alleles of the studied loci showed highly significant linkage disequilibrium among Hadza (p << 0.001) and Datoga (p = 0.021). In analysis of the genotype combinations of two loci, it was revealed that thestudied populations differed significantly by the L(A)L(G) 10/12 genotype (p << 0.001). When combining the genotypes, no significant differences between the populations based on their expression activity were identified. We assume that the identified combined genotypes reflect the effects of similar behavioral traits for both populations.

[Redirection and consolation in hamadryas baboons].

Post-conflict interactions between victims and non-involved group members was investigated in the troop of hamadryas baboons, Papio hamadryas. Observations were done in the Russian Primate Center, Adler in 1996-1997. Redirected aggression, initiation of affiliation from the side of victims towards third parties and consolation were registered during this study. The analyses was done on 445 PC-MC pairs of animals, represented different social classes (harem male-female pairs, harem females, relations, females from different harems, male-male pairs, female-subadult pairs). The attracted-pairs method and the time-rule method were used. Redirected aggression was practiced mainly by male aggressees. It was typical for victims, both males and females, to initiate affiliative interactions with third parties soon after the conflict. Consolation was practiced by hamadryas baboons, but it was limited to harem male-female pairs only. Special affiliative patterns were used by male-consoler. This is the first case, when consolation was demonstrated in baboons.

[Mechanisms of reproductive behavior in humans: olfactory markers of males' attractiveness].

The present work represents a pilot study in the area of olfactory communication in humans. On the basis of experiments, it is demonstrated that women are able to detect, by means of smell, a number of morphological and psychological characteristics of men. The samples of sweat from 29 young men were collected, as well as anthropometry measurements (interpupillary distance, height and width of the lower jaw, and so forth) and behavioral characteristics (personality questionnaire NEO, risk-taking questionnaire, Sandra Bem masculinity and femininity indices, a self-rating on aggression Buss-Perry questionnaire). Data on hormonal status of all males were collected (testosterone and cortisol). It is demonstrated that women are able to detect both morphological (masculinity, physical health) and psychological characteristics (aggression, risk taking, neuroticism, extraversion, cooperation, etc.). The smell of men rating high on cortisol is estimated as the least attractive. On the contrary, the sweat of men with combination of high level of testosterone and low level of cortisol is considered the most attractive. Females rating of male's smell differed depending on a phase of a monthly cycle. The data obtained are discussed in the light of evolutionary basis of permanent partner choice.

[Reconciliation in hamadryas baboons, Papio hamadryas: testing the relationships quality hypothesis].

Post-conflict interactions between former opponents were investigated in a troop of hamadryas baboons, Papio hamadryas. This species is known for it's multilevel structure with evidently expressed hierarchy between males and females. Due to this fact hamadryas baboons represent an ideal object for testing the "relationship quality" hypothesis. The analyses were done on 436 PC-MC pairs of animals, which represented different social classes (harem male-female pairs, harem females, relatives, females from different harems. Male-male pairs, and female-subadult pairs). Reconciliation was practiced in different social classes of individuals: harem male-female pairs, harem female-female pairs, kin-kin pairs, male-male pairs, female-subadult pairs. Significant differences in the rate of reconciliatory tendency for different categories of interacting animals were found. Interactions between former opponents were highly selective. These may be interpreted as an indicator of the influence of the relation quality on the probability of reconciliation in hamadryas baboons.

[Polymorphism of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and serotonin transporter (5-HTTL) gene promoter regions in African tribes of Hadza and Datoga].

Molecular genetic analysis of the allelic variants of the DRD4 and 5-HTTL gene promoter regions was performed in African tribes of Hadza and Datoga, characterized by different levels of socially acceptable aggression. It was demonstrated that Hadza and Datoga people differed in the structural organization of one of the 5-HTTL alleles (extra long allele xL). Analysis of the allele length polymorphism of both genes showed that in the Hadza and Datoga samples examined, variation parameters, as well as the genotype and allele frequency distribution pattern were almost the same. At the same time, analysis of the SNP polymorphism at the A/G substitutions of the 5-HTTL locus revealed a substantial decrease of the active allele L(A) frequency in the population of Hadza compared to the population of Datoga (chi2 = 3.77; d.f = 1; P = 0.052).

[Study of reconciliation in anubis baboons]. / Issledovanie primireniia u pavianov anubisov.

The study of post-conflict reconciliation in corral living anubis baboons was carried out. It was established that more than third part of the all the conflicts were followed with reconciliation, and the mean value for the frequency of reconciliation tendency was 27.3 +/- 2.4. The frequency of reconciliation in different categories of conflicting pairs of animals was comparable. 75% of cases of reconciliation occurred during the first 2 minutes after the conflict. Use of definite behavioral patterns by the individuals for demonstration of reconciliation depended on sex of the participants and on their role in the conflict. Differences in the indices of reconciliation tendency in high and low rank monkeys were found.

[Systemic variations of social relationships in the two groups of Java macacas]. / Sistemnaia variatsiia sotsial'nykh otnoshenii v dvukh gruppakh iavanskikh makakov.

Complex systemic variation of the style of species-specific intragroup relations between animals was examined in two groups of stumptail macaques, comprising high- and low-status individuals. A component analysis for 17 indices of social behavior in the studied groups showed that irrespective of the actual rank, high-status animals differed reliably from those of low status by a complex of aggressive, affiliative, and cooperative behavioral features. The features varied in the group in a related, rather than a random, fashion. Generally, the behavior of the high-status females can be characterized as more "masculine," these individuals were self-assured, oriented to dominance, showed more individual independence and were less in need of cooperation with the other group members. Our data confirm the hypothesis of systemic variation of social relationships at the intraspecific level.

[Conflicts and support strategies in clashes in 2 groups of crab-eating monkeys formed from individuals with differing social status by birth]. / Konflikty i strategii podderzhki v stolknoveniiakh v dvukh gruppakh iavanskikh makakov, sformirovannykh iz osobei razlichnogo sotsial'nogo statusa po rozhdeniiu.

Two groups of captive macaques (M. fascicularis) were studied at the Primatological Laboratory, Kassel University, Germany. One group (D) included the animals born to high-ranking mothers, another (H) comprised those whose mothers were low-ranking. The first group was a despotic community in which conflicts occurred mainly between single individuals, and the male leader was the controlling animal. The second group was an egalitarian community split into two mutually hostile subgroups; the conflicts were less severe, and the male leader could control only his own subgroup.

[Sexual differences in the social behavior of lower catarrhine monkeys (exemplified by grooming in stumptail macaques)]. / Polovye razlichiia v sotsial'nom povedenii nizshikh uzkonosykh obez'ian (na primere gruminga u burykh makakov).

The structure of social relationships was studied in three groups of stumptail macaques: two groups consisted of macaques of different sexes and one group consisted of males only. In the all-male group, as compared to the groups with different sexes, the social hierarchy was less strict and the social status and resulting grooming depended to a great extent on the age. The attractiveness of individuals as objects was the most variable aspect of grooming. The attractiveness increased with age, while individual preferences were less distinct.

[Begging and sharing in a group of adolescent chimpanzees]. / Poproshainichestvo i delezh v gruppe podrostkov shimpanze.

80 15-min tests using toys were carried out with 4 juvenile chimpanzees who, to obtain the toys, used 4 strategies: (1) taking by force, (2) snatching and fleeing, (3) begging, (4) hysterics. Sharing toys was a normal strategy of high-ranking animals. Begging and hysterics were mainly used in contacts with the latters. A strong negative correlation was found between hysterics and friendly behaviour.

[The sexual behavior of the primates]. / Polovoe povdenie primatov.

The article presents the review of modern data of the field and laboratory investigations of primate sexual behavior, cyclicity, reproductive strategies and copulation in different primates taxa: strepsirrhini, platyrrhyni, catarrhini. The specific character, progressiveness and adaptation of some reproductive models are discussed by the authors. A problem of connection between dominance and reproductive success is also discussed, the role of sexual teaching in postnatal ontogenesis, age and hormonal status for expression of sexual behavior are analysed. Some forms of sexual declinations in primates are considered.

[The effect of substance P on the individual and group behaviors of rhesus monkeys]. / Vliianie veshchestva P na individual'noe i gruppovoe povedenie obez'ian makakov rezusov.

The tendencies in the substance P influence on the expression of individual and group behaviour of adult males of rhesus macaques have been studied on the background of cardiopathogenic emotional stress (CES) and without it. CES stimulated the general activity of rhesus macaques in the individual cages, while the substance P injection without CES increased the frequency and duration of pathologic behavioral patterns. The maximal influence of substance P was expressed on the 3-4 day of experiments. On the 5th day the intensification of locomotion and social activity was found during the settling of all individuals in the large cage. The definite regularity of connection between the value of arterial pressure before and after experiments and the individual's social ranks is found. The injection of substance P on the CES background and without it the second-ranking individuals stood more hard, the leader and the most subordinated individuals stood easier.

[Infanticide in primates and man and the problems of reconstructing the social behavior of the hominids]. / Infantitsid u primatov i cheloveka i problemy rekonstruktsii sotsial'nogo povedeniia gominid.

The general analysis of infanticide distribution pattern in primate and human populations is given. The possibilities to use the sociobiological, ecological, psycho-analytical and structural-social approaches are considered to explain the infanticide functions in primates. The necessity of exact data concerning the sex, age and social position of both: killers and victims (victim's mothers either) is stressed, as well the estimation of social situation in the group in the period before the infanticide. The qualitative differences in infanticide mechanisms in lower monkeys, anthropoids and man is illustrated. It is proposed to differentiate the infanticide on the individual level and as a group social strategy. The probability of infanticide in hominid societies on the different stages of evolution is discussed.

[The structure and patterns of support in the encounters of the brown macaque (Macaca arctoides)]. / Struktura i zakonomernosti podderzhki v stolknoveniiakh u burykh makakov (Macaca arctoides).

Aid and cooperation in agonistic encounters have been studied in two groups of stumptail macaques keeping in the open-air cages of nature type. The basic agonistic ranks are found and the cases of aid in encounters are classified. A quantitative analysis using the coefficient reflecting the individual rank, kin and frequency of different aids is carried out. The existence of mechanisms of aggression removal within group is revealed, the role of individual ranks and kin in keeping stability in group is shown.

[Effect of stressor factors on the behavior of monkeys. III. The behavior of rhesus macaques during immobilization stress]. / Vliianie stressogennykh faktorov na povedenie obez'ian. III. Povedenie makakov rezusov v usloviiakh immobilizatsionnogo stressa.

The three-hour immobilizational stress in two groups of males of rhesus monkeys at the age of 7-8 and 10-12 years has been investigated. The reaction on the stress has been established to depend on the age of animals. The young males bear the stress easier, their behaviour after it is practically normal. The normal behaviour of the elder animals restores during 24 hours after immobilization. A comparative analysis of hamadryas baboons and rhesus monkeys behaviour during this type of stress has been carried out. These species differ by their reaction on stress: Papio hamadryas serve as a model of hard depressive stress, the rhesus monkeys--a model of slight-stimulative stress. The peculiarities of stress bearing depend on the selected species, age of the animal, the type of social organization and individual features of behaviour.

[Effect of stress-inducing factors on monkey behavior. II. Hormonal indices and their relation to behavior in the modelling of emotional stress in hamadryas baboons]. / Vliianie stressogennykh faktorov na povedenie obez'ian. II. Gormonal'nye pokazateli i ikh sviaz' s povedeniem pri modelirovanii émotsional'nogo stressa u pavianov gamadrilov.

The behavioural and hormonal indexes of adult males Papio hamadryas have been examined under condition of immobilized stress. The intercommunication between the hormonal status of the individual and its position in the hierarchical structure of the group is marked. The leader of the group possesses the mostly constant hormonal content during the different periods of the stress. The equal speed of reconstruction of hormonal concentration and behavioural indexes has been found. The different types of correlation between the level of adrenaline, cortisol and testosterone secretion and the frequency of aggressive behaviour have been observed.

[Effect of stress-inducing factors on the behavior of monkeys. I. The behavior of monkeys under acute emotional stress]. / Vliianie stressogennykh faktotov na povedenie obez'ian. I. Povedenie obez'ian v usloviiakh ostrogo émotsional'nogo stressa.

The behavior of Papio hamadryas pubertal males under the immobilizational stress conditions has been studied. It has been established that this very type of stress appeared to be a powerful irritant for the individuals of this species and age leading them into the depression state. The process of normalization of behavior after the 2-hour immobilization lasted for about 72 h. The main consequences of the stress were the violation of locomotion, the reception by individuals of unnatural postures, the trembling of limbs and the violation of coordination. The reaction of stress was greatly influenced by the position of individual in the hierarchic system. The dominant (alpha) and the most subdominant (z) males bore the stress easier. The intensification of food activity was marked within the male z. In certain period after the immobilization the tendency of the growth of friendly contacts between the individuals was found. The frequency of aggressive behavior after the stress lowered. The violation of manipulation activity was also marked. These regularities are of great importance for the reconstruction of group social behavior models of protohominid's societies.

[Ethological analysis of monkey behavior in biomedical research]. / Etologicheskii analiz povedeniia obez'ian v mediko-biologicheskikh issledovaniiakh.

The importance of ethological analysis of primates behaviour during the medicobiologic research has been shown. The concrete examples of methods of differentiation and registration of behavioral patterns in the models of psychoemotional stress in primates are given. The systemic approach to the study of behaviour allows to determine the behavioral data of the individual state--the composition of functional spheres, the number of elements, the frequency of their appearance, the system of domination-subjection characteristics of the sequences of behavioral acts and to find out their dynamics in different stages of experiment. The comparison of these data with physiologicobiochemical data is necessary to obtain the integral picture of individual reaction to the experimental factors.