ABSTRACT
Acute asthma attack in children is an attack responsible for life-threatening acute respiratory distress with partial or no response to bronchodilator drugs. The severity of the episode needs to be quickly evaluated. This presupposes a perfect knowledge of the clinical signs of severity. Treatment is urgent and first based on the administration of high doses of inhaled short-acting beta 2-agonists. In the more obstructed children, anti-cholinergic drugs can be added to nebulized beta 2-agonists. Because of their delayed effect, systemic steroids require an early prescription. Symptomatic treatments are: urgent hospitalization, oxygen if needed, proper hydratation. Continuous nebulization or intravenous perfusion of beta 2-agonists are prescribed with cardiac monitoring when no objective improvement is noted. Admission into the pediatric intensive care unit when bronchial obstruction continues will permit the association of bronchodilator drugs and the proposal of mechanical ventilation if needed. When the episode is resolved, a prophylactic treatment using inhaled corticosteroids must be prescribed. Clinical and spirometric follow-up has to be organized, and the patient and his/her family have to be educated.
Subject(s)
Status Asthmaticus , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Adrenergic beta-Agonists/therapeutic use , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholinergic Antagonists/therapeutic use , Emergencies , Humans , Infant , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Therapy , Status Asthmaticus/diagnosis , Status Asthmaticus/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: hCG secreting tumors are responsible for 21% of precocious puberties in boys. Usual localizations are hepatic, cerebral, mediastinal and gonadic. CASE REPORT: A 4-year-old boy developed precocious puberty with rapid evolution. Serum beta hCG suggested germinal etiology, but radiological procedures failed to find any usual localization. Further occurrence of pain in the legs led to carry out a lumbar puncture. The high cerebrospinal fluid/blood gradient of beta hCG suggested the presence of an intramedullar tumor. Medullar magnetic resonance imaging found a large tumor facing L1 and L2. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this localization is described for only the second time.
Subject(s)
Germinoma/complications , Germinoma/diagnosis , Puberty, Precocious/etiology , Spinal Cord Neoplasms/complications , Spinal Cord Neoplasms/diagnosis , Cerebrospinal Fluid/chemistry , Child, Preschool , Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/analysis , Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/blood , Germinoma/blood , Germinoma/therapy , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Puberty, Precocious/blood , Spinal Cord Neoplasms/blood , Spinal Cord Neoplasms/therapy , Spinal Puncture , Testosterone/bloodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Adequate treatment of pain in children with cancer is a critical issue, and is of equal importance as discussions concerning chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the treatment of refractory pain by peridural analgesia. METHODS: Seven children (1-15 years) with solid tumors were treated with long term epidural analgesia for refractory pain. Catheters were inserted in epidural space (L1-L2) and infused with sufentanil, bupivacaine and clonidine. RESULTS: Three out of five children with good response to peridural therapy could be discharged. A 12-month-old infant had a poor response. Treatment was discontinued in a teenager boy because of patient refusal. The side effects were: early catheter displacement in two patients and a bacterial contamination in one. Serious adverse effects related to high doses of opiates were not observed. However, toxicity of bupivacaine was observed in three patients leading to treatment discontinuation in one. CONCLUSION: Long-term epidural analgesia looks promising in selected children with refractory pain.
