ABSTRACT
Bacteriophages or phages used as an alternative therapy for treating multi-drug resistant infections require formulation consideration. Current strategies to produce phage formulations involving organic solvents are based on empirical practices without a good understanding of phage stability during formulation development. In this study, we investigated the effect of common formulation organic solvents (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) on the stability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-specific myovirus (PEV1, PEV20) and podovirus (PEV31) phages using biological assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scattering near field optical microscopy (SNOM). The three phages were mixed with the solvents at different concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75% (v/v)) for 20 min. All phages were fully viable in the organic solvents at 25% (v/v) showing negligible titre changes. At the higher solvent concentration of 50% (v/v), the myoviruses PEV1 and PEV20 remained relatively stable (titre loss 0.4-1.3 log10), whereas the podovirus PEV31 became less stable (titre loss 0.25-3.8 log10), depending on the solvent used. Increasing the solvent level to 75% (v/v) caused increased morphological changes in TEM and decreased viability as indicated by the titre loss (0.32-7.4 log10), with DMSO being the most phage-destabilising solvent. SNOM spectra showed differences in the signal intensity and peak positions in the amide I and amide II regions, revealing altered phage proteins by the solvents. In conclusion, the choice of the solvents for phage formulation depends on both the phages and solvent types. Our results showed (1) the phages are more stable in the alcohols than DMSO and THF, and (2) the myoviruses tend to be more stable than the podovirus in the solvents. Overall, a low to moderate (25-50 % v/v) level of organic solvents (except 50% THF) can be used in formulation of the phages without a substantial titre loss.
Subject(s)
Bacteriophages , Podoviridae , Dimethyl Sulfoxide , Solvents , Amides/pharmacology , Pseudomonas aeruginosaABSTRACT
Tropomyosin (Tpm) is an α helical coiled-coil dimer that forms a co-polymer along the actin filament. Tpm is involved in the regulation of actin's interaction with binding proteins as well as stabilization of the actin filament and its assembly kinetics. Recent studies show that multiple Tpm isoforms also define the functional properties of distinct actin filament populations within a cell. Subtle structural variations within well conserved Tpm isoforms are the key to their functional specificity. Therefore, we purified and characterized a comprehensive set of 8 Tpm isoforms (Tpm1.1, Tpm1.12, Tpm1.6, Tpm1.7, Tpm1.8, Tpm2.1, Tpm3.1, and Tpm4.2), using well-established actin co-sedimentation and pyrene fluorescence polymerization assays. We observed that the apparent affinity (Kd(app)) to filamentous actin varied in all Tpm isoforms between â¼0.1-5 µM with similar values for both, skeletal and cytoskeletal actin filaments. The data did not indicate any correlation between affinity and size of Tpm molecules, however high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms Tpm1.1, Tpm1.6, Tpm1.7 and Tpm2.1, showed â¼3-fold higher cooperativity compared to low molecular weight (LMW) isoforms Tpm1.12, Tpm1.8, Tpm3.1, and Tpm4.2. The rate of actin filament elongation in the presence of Tpm2.1 increased, while all other isoforms decreased the elongation rate by 27-85 %. Our study shows that the biochemical properties of Tpm isoforms are finely tuned and depend on sequence variations in alternatively spliced regions of Tpm molecules.
Subject(s)
Actin Cytoskeleton/chemistry , Actins/chemistry , Exons , Tropomyosin/chemistry , Actin Cytoskeleton/genetics , Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism , Actins/genetics , Actins/metabolism , Alternative Splicing , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Binding Sites , Cloning, Molecular , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Gene Expression , Humans , Kinetics , Molecular Weight , Polymerization , Protein Binding , Protein Isoforms/chemistry , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Tropomyosin/genetics , Tropomyosin/metabolismABSTRACT
The tropomyosin family of proteins form end-to-end polymers along the actin filament. Tumour cells rely on specific tropomyosin-containing actin filament populations for growth and survival. To dissect out the role of tropomyosin in actin filament regulation we use the small molecule TR100 directed against the C terminus of the tropomyosin isoform Tpm3.1. TR100 nullifies the effect of Tpm3.1 on actin depolymerisation but surprisingly Tpm3.1 retains the capacity to bind F-actin in a cooperative manner. In vivo analysis also confirms that, in the presence of TR100, fluorescently tagged Tpm3.1 recovers normally into stress fibers. Assembling end-to-end along the actin filament is thereby not sufficient for tropomyosin to fulfil its function. Rather, regulation of F-actin stability by tropomyosin requires fidelity of information communicated at the barbed end of the actin filament. This distinction has significant implications for perturbing tropomyosin-dependent actin filament function in the context of anti-cancer drug development.
