ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes high mortalities in aquaculture. The use of immunostimulants increases animal resistance. Objective: To evaluate the WSSV infection percentage and the immunostimulant effect of lactic acid bacteria and yeast (MI= microbial immunostimulants) on WSSV infected Litopenaeus vannamei. Methods: A bioassay was performed for 33 d, with treatments in triplicate. The MI was added to the feed at 8.5 mg/kg feed and offered to shrimp (9.9 ± 3.1 g) daily, every 2 days, or every 3 days. Shrimp were infected with WSSV at 9 and 19 days. The expression of four immune system-related genes was studied using qRT-PCR. Results: No significant differences were observed in growth and survival among treatments. At the end of the bioassay, WSSV infection percentage (low viral load) decreased 8.3 and 25% in treatments III and IV as compared to the control group. Treatments with MI showed significant differences in the relative expression of LvToll, transglutaminase, and prophenoloxidase genes when MI was offered daily as compared to the control group. The MI did not regulate the expression of the superoxide dismutase gene. The WSSV infection percentage decreased when feed with MI was offered every 3 d. Conclusion: The MI decrease WSSV infection percentage in L. vannamei infected with low viral load when it is offered every three days. The MI up-regulates LvToll, Tgase, and proPO genes when it is offered daily. Further research is needed regarding prophylactic treatment with microbial immunostimulants against WSSV in commercial shrimp farms.
Resumen Antecedentes: El virus del síndrome de la mancha blanca (WSSV) ocasiona alta mortalidad en acuacultura. El empleo de inmunoestimulantes incrementa la resistencia de los animales. Objetivo: Evaluar el porcentaje de infección de WSSV y el efecto inmunoestimulante de bacterias ácido lácticas y levadura (MI= inmunoestimulantes microbianos) en Litopenaeus vannamei infectado con WSSV. Métodos: Se realizó un bioensayo durante 33 días con tratamientos por triplicado. Se agregó MI al alimento (8,5 mg/kg de alimento), suministrandolo al camarón (9,9 ± 3,1 g) diariamente, cada 2, o cada 3 días. Los camarones se infectaron con WSSV a los 9 y 19 días. Se estudió la expresión de cuatro genes relacionados con el sistema inmune utilizando qRT-PCR. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en el crecimiento y la sobrevivencia entre los tratamientos. Al final del bioensayo, el porcentaje de infección de WSSV (baja carga viral) disminuyó un 8,3 y un 25% en los tratamientos III y IV en comparación con el grupo control. Los tratamientos con MI mostraron diferencias significativas en la expresión relativa de los genes LvToll, transglutaminasa, y profenoloxidasa cuando se suministró MI diariamente en comparación con el grupo control. Los MI no regularon la expresión del gen de la superóxido dismutasa. El porcentaje de infección de WSSV disminuyó cuando el alimento con MI se aplicó cada 3 d. Conclusiones: Los MI disminuyen el porcentaje de infección de WSSV en L. vannamei infectado con baja carga viral cuando se aplican cada tres días. Además, los MI causan una sobre-expresión de los genes LvToll, Tgase y proPO cuando se administran diariamente. Se necesita más investigación sobre los inmunoestimulantes microbianos como tratamiento profiláctico contra WSSV en granjas comerciales de camarón.
Resumo Antecedentes: O vírus da mancha branca (WSSV) causa alta mortalidade na aqüicultura e o uso de imunoestimulantes aumenta a resistência em animais. Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou a prevalência do WSSV e o efeito imunoestimulante de bactérias ácido lácticas e levadura (MI= inmunoestimulantes microbianos) em Litopenaeus vannamei infectado con WSSV. Métodos: Se realizou um bioensayo durante 33 dias com tratamientos por triplicado. Se agregou MI al alimento (8,5 mg/kg feed) e se o fornecimento de camarão (9,9 ± 3,1 g) diariamente, cada 2 e cada 3 d. Los camarones foram infectados com WSSV a los 9 y 19 d. Se estudió a expressão de quatro genes relacionados com o sistema imune, use qRT-PCR. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas no crescimento e na supervisão entre os tratamientos. Al final del bioensayo, a prevalência do WSSV diminuiu um 8.3 e não 25% nos tratamentos III e IV em comparação com o grupo de controle. Os tratamentos com MI mostraram diferenças significativas na expressão relativa dos genes. LvToll, transglutaminasa e prophenoloxidase quando se administraron em diários de MI em comparação com o controle de grupo. Los MI não regularam a expressão do genótipo da superóxido dismutasa. A prevalência do WSSV diminuiu quando o alimento com MI se aplicó cada 3 d. Conclusões: Los IM diminuir a prevalência de WSSV em L. vannamei infectado com baixa carga viral quando aplicável a cada três dias. Além disso, os IM causaram uma sobre-expressão dos genes LvToll, Tgase e proPO quando se administran diariamente. Há mais informações sobre imunoestimulantes microbianos como tratamento profiláctico contra WSSV en granjas comerciales de camarón.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Presentamos un nuevo reporte de la tortuga escorpión Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides para el departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. Este espécimen fue colectado en el bosque seco tropical del departamento, el cual es uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados y menos protegidos del país; esto agravado por problemas locales de contaminación y de transformación del uso del suelo, motivos por los que la presencia y conservación de K. s. scorpioides se encuentra en riesgo.
ABSTRACT We present a new record of the Scorpion Turtle Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides for the department of Norte de Santander, Colombia. This specimen was collected in the tropical dry forest of the department, which is one of the most threatened and least protected ecosystems in the country; this exacerbated by local problems related with pollution and land-use transformation, threatening the presence and conservation of K. s. scorpioides.
ABSTRACT
In this work, we evaluated the effect of sublethal concentrations ( LC25, LC10 and LC5) of cadmium, chromium, lead, and their mixture on the filtration rate and oxygen consumption rate of Catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby, 1842), juveniles, in order to evaluate the use of these biomarkers as a reliable tool in environmental monitoring studies, because these metals have been found at high levels in water and sediments in the Mexican Pacific systems. An inverse dose-response relationship was observed when metal concentration and exposure time increased, the filtration rate and oxygen consumption rate reduced. The physiological responses evaluated in this study were sufficiently sensitive to detect alterations in the organisms at 0.014 mg l(-1) Cd, 0.311 mg l(-1) Cr, 0.125 mg l(-1) Pb and 0.05 mg l(-1) Cd + Cr + Pb at 24 and 72 hrs. Cd showed the most drastic effect. The Catarina scallop juveniles were more sensitive to Cd, Cr and Pb as compared to other bivalves. The biomarkers evaluated are a reliable tool to carry out environmental monitoring studies.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring , Metals, Heavy/toxicity , Oxygen Consumption/drug effects , Pectinidae/drug effects , Animals , Biomarkers , Random Allocation , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
The effects of Cd, Cr, Pb and their mixtures on the growth and sensitivity of the scallop Argopecten ventricosus were analyzed in this study. Cadmium showed to be more toxic metal to juveniles (96 hour median lethal concentration (LC(50)) = 0.396 mg Cd/L), followed by lead (LC(50) = 0.830 mg Pb/L) and chromium (LC(50) = 3.430 mg Cr/L). Cadmium toxicity was 8 times higher than chromium and 2 times than lead. The most toxic combination was Cd + Cr + Pb. (LC(50) = 0.302 mg/L). Based on toxic units analyses (T.U.), a synergistic effect was observed for Cr + Pb and Cd + Cr + Pb. (T.U. = 0.374; T.U. = 0.403), and antagonic effects for Cd + Cr and Cd + Pb (T.U. = 1.26; T.U. = 1.43) respectively. The level of effect (from high to low) on the growth of A. ventricosus juveniles was: Cd > Cd + Cr + Pb > Cr > Pb. The EC(50) (metal concentration where a reduction of 50% growing rate is observed) obtained were: Cd = 0.018 mg/L, Cd + Cr + Pb = 0.104 mg/L, Cr = 0.51 mg/L and Pb = 4.21 mg/L. These results suggest that A. ventricosus juveniles are more sensitive to these metals in comparison to other juveniles from other bivalve species (e.g., A. irradians, Mytillus edulis, Crassostrea virginica).
Subject(s)
Metals, Heavy/toxicity , Pectinidae/drug effects , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Animals , Drug Interactions , Environmental Monitoring , Lethal Dose 50 , Pectinidae/physiologyABSTRACT
This is the first record of the copepod Pseudomyicola spinosus in the scallop Argopecten ventricosus in northwestern Mexico, and describes: (1) the known annual prevalence and intensity of this copepod on scallops from culture sites (Gulf of California) and natural populations (Pacific coast), (2) the histopathological effects caused on the soft tissues of scallops, and (3) the relationship between prevalence and intensity records and environmental parameters. The copepod was present throughout the period of investigation, showing similar prevalence and ratio of copepod to scallop patterns in both cultured scallops and wild specimens from natural habitats. Highest prevalence and ratio values were detected in summer-autumn at both sites, probably because scallops showed a weak condition from the combined effects of spawning, reabsorption of residual gametes, and high temperature. The condition index of A. ventricosus showed a significant correlation with the presence of the copepod in Magdalena Bay (-0.67). P. spinosus was observed in the gills of scallops, producing alterations or rupture of filaments, and in the stomach, causing detachment and loss of the epithelium. No relationship between copepod infestation with temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and seston were found during the investigation. Although P. spinosus was present year-round at both sites, no association between infestation and scallop mortalities was detected.
