Detection of thermotolerant coliforms and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage and recreational waters in the Ecuadorian coast: A call for improving water quality regulation.

Wastewater surveillance represents an alternative approach to regulating contamination and the early detection of infectious agents and outbreaks of diseases of public health importance. This study evaluated domestic wastewater effects on recreational waters in estuarine and seawater bodies in Guayas and Santa Elena provinces in Ecuador, South America. Fecal indicator bacteria (thermotolerant coliforms) served as key indicators for evaluation. Physical, chemical, and microbiological quality markers following the Ecuadorian environmental quality standard and the discharge of effluents to the water resource were analyzed. Samples were collected from 44 coastal sites and 2 oxidation lagoons during the dry and rainy seasons of 2020 and 2021, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in samples with higher E. coli concentrations using reverse transcription quantitative PCR to detect the genes N and ORF1ab. All samples analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 showed Ct ˂ 40 for at least one gene. Four samples showed at least 20 genome copies of gene N per reaction. These were at an artisanal fishing port, an estuarine area (Palmar), a recreational bay, and an oxidation lagoon. A moderate correlation was found between SARS-CoV-2 RNA, thermotolerant coliform and E. coli (p-value ≤ 0.0037), and a strong and positive correlation between thermotolerant coliform and E. coli. (p-value ≤ 0.00001), highlighting the utility of these established parameters as a proxy of the virus. Significant differences were found in the concentrations of thermotolerant coliforms between seasons (p-value = 0.016) and sites (p-value = 0.005). The highest levels of coliforms were found in the dry season (63000 MPN/100 mL) in Anconcito and during the rainy season (14000 MPN/100 mL) at Esterillo in Playas County. It is recommended that the decentralized autonomous governments of the surveyed provinces in Ecuador implement urgent corrective actions and establish medium-term mechanisms to minimize a potential contamination route. Additional parameters must be included in the monitoring, such as Enterococcus and intestinal parasites, due to their public health implications. In the oxidation lagoons, maintenance actions must be carried out, including the dissolution of sediments, an increase in water retention times, and in situ treatment of the sludge, to improve the system's performance.

Marine invertebrate and seaweed biodiversity of continental coastal Ecuador.

This study summarises the diversity of living macroinvertebrates and seaweeds from the intertidal and subtidal rocky shores along Ecuadorian continental coast. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities and seaweeds were quantified over quadrants (50 × 50 cm) randomly placed on transects of 50 m length. A checklist of 612 species was generated: 479 species of macroinvertebrates and 133 species of seaweeds. Groups recorded were Mollusca (184 species), Cnidaria (70), Arthropoda (68), Annelida (60), Echinodermata (42), Chordata (18), Bryozoa (13), Porifera (22), Sipuncula (2), Brachiopoda and Platyhelminthes (only identified as morphotypes). The seaweeds were represented by Rhodophyta (78), Chlorophyta (37), Ochrophyta (13), Cyanobacteria (5) and 19 biotic complexes. Furthermore, 22 new taxa and six alien species were recorded from the intertidal zone. This study provides the first large scale report of benthic communities in different marine coastal ecosystems in mainland Ecuador, covering 1,478 km2 of protected areas and 382 km2 of non-protected areas. The highest benthic diversity was registered in the protected areas and rocky shores from the intertidal zone. The biological data, herein reported, are useful for a long-term monitoring programme to evaluate the status of conservation and to detect rapid changes in the benthic biodiversity from coastal areas.

Variación espacial de la diversidad del macrobentos en la Reserva Marina El Pelado / Spatial variation of the macrobenthos diversity in the El Pelado Marine Reserve / Variação espacial da diversidade macrobêntica na Reserva Marinha de El Pelado

Resumen Introducción: La Reserva Marina El Pelado es una importante área protegida de la costa ecuatoriana debido a la conectividad que tiene con otras áreas marinas protegidas. Objetivo: Identificar patrones de variación espacial en la estructura comunitaria del macrobentos de fondos someros. Materiales y Métodos: Se muestrearon diez sitios en la zona cercana a la costa y al Islote El Pelado. La abundancia de macroinvertebrados y organismos sésiles se estimó visualmente mediante buceo a lo largo de dos transectos en banda paralelos a la costa. Cada transecto fue de 50 m de longitud y 5 m de ancho, con una superficie total de 500 m2 por localidad. Se registró salinidad, pH, cloro residual, oxígeno, material flotante, coliformes fecales, mercurio, aceites y grasas en la superficie del mar. Resultados: Se identificaron 92 especies (86 especies de invertebrados y 6 especies de macroalgas); el grupo mejor representado fue el de los cnidarios con 31 especies de 13 familias, seguido de los moluscos con 15 especies de 11 familias. Las especies con mayores abundancias media fueron de macroinvertebrados Echinometra vanbrunti (21.54%), de organismos sésiles Bugula californica (34.2%). Conclusiones: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la diversidad, riqueza y equidad de especies del macrobentos entre las zonas de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: The El Pelado Marine Reserve is an important protected area of the Ecuadorian coast due to the connectivity it has with other marine protected areas. Objective: Identify patterns of spatial variation in the community structure of shallow fund macrobenthos. Materials and Methods: Ten sites were sampled in the area near the coast and the El Pelado Islet. The abundance of macroinvertebrates and sessile organisms was estimated visually by diving along two parallel transects parallel to the coast. Each transect was 50 m long and 5 m wide, with a total area of 500 m2 per location. Salinity, pH, residual chlorine, oxygen, floating material, fecal coliforms, mercury, oils and fats were recorded on the sea surface. Results: 92 species were identified (86 species of invertebrates and 6 species of macroalgae); the best represented group was the cnidarians with 31 species from 13 families, followed by the molluscs with 15 species from 11 families. The species with higher average abundances were of macroinvertebrates Echinometra vanbrunti (21.54%), sessile organisms Bugula californica (34.2%). Conclusions: No significant differences were found in the diversity, richness and equity of macrobenthic species between study areas.

Resumo Introdução: A Reserva Marinha El Pelado é uma importante área protegida da costa equatoriana, devido à conectividade que tem com outras áreas marinhas protegidas. Objetivo: Identificar padrões de variação espacial na estrutura da comunidade de macrobentos fundos rasos. Materiais e Métodos: Dez locais foram amostrados na área próxima à costa e na Ilhota de El Pelado. A abundância de macroinvertebrados e organismos sésseis foi estimada visualmente mergulhando-se ao longo de dois transectos paralelos paralelos à costa. Cada transecto tinha 50 m de comprimento e 5 m de largura, com uma área total de 500 m2 por localização. Salinidade, pH, cloro residual, oxigênio, material flutuante, coliformes fecais, mercúrio, óleos e gorduras foram registrados na superfície do mar. Resultados: foram identificadas 92 espécies (86 espécies de invertebrados e 6 espécies de macroalgas); O grupo mais bem representado foi o de cnidários com 31 espécies de 13 famílias, seguido dos moluscos com 15 espécies de 11 famílias. As espécies com maior abundância média foram de macroinvertebrados Echinometra vanbrunti (21,54%), organismos sésseis Bugula californica (34,2%). Conclusões: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na diversidade, riqueza e equidade das espécies macrobênticas entre as áreas de estudo.