ABSTRACT
We present two cases of multiple anatomical variations of the renal and gonadal vessels. The first case presented duplication of the renal vein and the presence of an accessory renal artery. However, the most interesting fact, in this case, was that the right gonadal vein emptied into the inferior right renal vein instead of ending in the inferior vena cava as would typically be the case. In the second case, we also found an accessory renal artery and the right gonadal vein emptied at the exact junction between the right renal vein and the inferior vena cava. Clinicians and surgeons should be familiar with anatomical variations to provide an accurate diagnosis during preoperative studies and to avoid surprises in abdominal surgical procedures.
Este estudo apresenta dois casos de variação anatômica múltipla de vasos renais e gonadais. O primeiro caso apresentou uma duplicação da veia renal e a presença de uma artéria renal acessória. Porém, o fato mais interessante nesse caso foi a veia gonadal direita desembocar na veia renal direita inferior em vez de terminar na veia cava inferior, como seria o normal. No segundo caso, além de também encontrarmos uma artéria renal acessória, a veia gonadal direita desembocava no exato ponto de junção entre a veia renal direita e a veia cava inferior. Clínicos e cirurgiões devem estar familiarizados com a presença de possíveis variações dos vasos renais e gonadais, sendo um conhecimento imprescindível para obter um diagnóstico mais preciso e para evitar surpresas em procedimentos cirúrgicos abdominais.
ABSTRACT
Abstract We present two cases of multiple anatomical variations of the renal and gonadal vessels. The first case presented duplication of the renal vein and the presence of an accessory renal artery. However, the most interesting fact, in this case, was that the right gonadal vein emptied into the inferior right renal vein instead of ending in the inferior vena cava as would typically be the case. In the second case, we also found an accessory renal artery and the right gonadal vein emptied at the exact junction between the right renal vein and the inferior vena cava. Clinicians and surgeons should be familiar with anatomical variations to provide an accurate diagnosis during preoperative studies and to avoid surprises in abdominal surgical procedures.
Resumo Este estudo apresenta dois casos de variação anatômica múltipla de vasos renais e gonadais. O primeiro caso apresentou uma duplicação da veia renal e a presença de uma artéria renal acessória. Porém, o fato mais interessante nesse caso foi a veia gonadal direita desembocar na veia renal direita inferior em vez de terminar na veia cava inferior, como seria o normal. No segundo caso, além de também encontrarmos uma artéria renal acessória, a veia gonadal direita desembocava no exato ponto de junção entre a veia renal direita e a veia cava inferior. Clínicos e cirurgiões devem estar familiarizados com a presença de possíveis variações dos vasos renais e gonadais, sendo um conhecimento imprescindível para obter um diagnóstico mais preciso e para evitar surpresas em procedimentos cirúrgicos abdominais.
ABSTRACT
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is widely distributed in the brain of many species. In the hypothalamus, CART neurotransmission has been implicated in diverse functions including energy balance, stress response, and temperature and endocrine regulation. Although some studies have been performed in primates, very little is known about the distribution of CART neurons in New World monkeys. New World monkeys are good models for systems neuroscience, as some species have evolved several behavioral and anatomical characteristics shared with humans, including diurnal and social habits, intense maternal care, complex manipulative abilities and well-developed frontal cortices. In the present study, we assessed the distribution of CART mRNA and peptide in the hypothalamus of the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) and the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We found that the distribution of hypothalamic CART neurons in these monkeys is similar to what has been described for rodents and humans, but some relevant differences were noticed. Only in capuchin monkeys CART neurons were observed in the suprachiasmatic and the intercalatus nuclei, whereas only in marmoset CART neurons were observed in the dorsal anterior nucleus. We also found that the only in marmoset displayed CART neurons in the periventricular preoptic nucleus and in an area seemingly comprising the premammillary nucleus. These hypothalamic sites are both well defined in rodents but poorly defined in humans. Our findings indicate that CART expression in hypothalamic neurons is conserved across species but the identified differences suggest that CART is also involved in the control of species-specific related functions.
Subject(s)
Callithrix/metabolism , Cebus/metabolism , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Hypothalamus/chemistry , Male , Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
This work presents histological analysis of interfaces between bone and heteroplastic implants in dog tibias. The study was performed in four tibias (of four mongrel dogs) into which cylindrical implants were inserted. One ceramic (titania) implant and three grit-blasted titanium implants (with sandblasted and acid-corroded surfaces) were chosen for histological analysis of the implant surface/bone tissue interface. The implants remained in the tibias for eight months and none were loaded during this period. The animals were subsequently sacrificed and the samples were processed for analysis. Light microscope analysis revealed a large amount of osteoid tissue and proximity of osteoblasts and osteocytes to the implant surfaces. In addition, little or no fibrous tissue was observed between the bone and implant surfaces. The titanium implants presented better osseointegration than did the ceramic implant.
Subject(s)
Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Maxillofacial Prosthesis , Prostheses and Implants , Titanium , Animals , Biocompatible Materials , Bone and Bones/physiology , Bone and Bones/surgery , Dogs , Mandible/anatomy & histology , Mandible/physiology , Mandible/surgery , Maxilla/anatomy & histology , Maxilla/physiology , Maxilla/surgery , OsteogenesisABSTRACT
El músculo pronador redondo actúa como motor secundario en la pronación del antebrazo, siendo el músculo pronador cuadrado motor primario de esta acción. Estudiamos la inervación del músculo pronador redondo en 8 antebrazos de cuerpos fijados en formol. Fueron disecados y examinados el nervio mediano y su inervación para el músculo pronador redondo. La línea articular del codo fue usada como punto de referencia. En todos los casos, la mayoría de los ramos del nervio mediano para el músculo pronador redondo se originaban en el tercio distal del brazo, mientras que, la mayor parte de los ramos penetraba en la mitad del antebrazo, proximal al tercio distal (75 por ciento en el miembro superior derecho y 75.8 por ciento en el miembro superior izquierdo). El tratamiento del síndrome pronador podría ser más fácil conociendo mejor la distribución anatómica de los nervios.
