Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Tuberculosis , Child , Humans , Tuberculosis/diagnosisABSTRACT
We describe a community-wide outbreak of measles due to a D4 genotype virus that took place in the Region of Madrid, Spain, between February 2011 and August 2012, along with the control measures adopted. The following variables were collected: date of birth, sex, symptoms, complications, hospital admission, laboratory test results, link with another cases, home address, places of work or study, travel during the incubation period, ethnic group, and Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) vaccination status. Incidences were calculated by 100,000 inhabitants. A total of 789 cases were identified. Of all cases, 36.0% belonged to Roma community, among which 68.7% were 16 months to 19 y old. Non-Roma cases were predominantly patients from 6 to 15 months (28.1%) and 20 to 39 y (52.3%). Most cases were unvaccinated. We found out that 3.0% of cases were healthcare workers. The first vaccination dose was brought forward to 12 months, active recruitment of unvaccinated children from 12 months to 4 y of age was performed and the vaccination of healthcare workers and of members of the Roma community was reinforced. High vaccination coverage must be reached with 2 doses of MMR vaccine, aimed at specific groups, such as young adults, Roma population and healthcare workers.
Subject(s)
Disease Eradication , Disease Outbreaks , Measles/epidemiology , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Community-Acquired Infections/epidemiology , Community-Acquired Infections/ethnology , Community-Acquired Infections/virology , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Measles/complications , Measles/ethnology , Measles/prevention & control , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Morbillivirus/genetics , Morbillivirus/isolation & purification , Spain/epidemiology , Vaccination , Young AdultABSTRACT
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a notifiable disease in the Region of Madrid. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is recommended for children and adults aged two years or over with a high risk of disease, and for all adults aged 60 and over. We describe the evolution of IPD incidence from 2008 to 2011 in people aged 60 years and over and PPV23 vaccine effectiveness (VE). VE is estimated using both the screening method and indirect cohort method. The incidence of IPD varied from 20.0 in 2008 to 15.2 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2011 (RR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.60.9). Adjusted VE estimated with the screening method was 68.2% (95% CI: 56.276.9). VE with the Broome method was 44.5% (95% CI: 23.859.6) for all PPV23 serotypes, and 64.4% (95% CI: 45.276.8) for PPV23 serotypes not included in conjugate vaccines. VE was lower in patients aged 80 years and older (25.5%; 95% CI:-23.2 to 55.0) and those with highrisk medical conditions (31.7%; 95% CI: -2.2 to -54.4). Adjusted VE was 44.5% (95% CI: 19.4-61.8) within 5 years of vaccination and 32.5% (95% CI: -5.6 to 56.9) after 5 years. These results are compatible with current recommendations for PPV23.
