ABSTRACT
Acinetobacter baumannii has often been associated with colonization and/or infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). This study describes a clonal spread of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) isolates in an NICU. In total, 21 CRAB isolates were collected from premature newborns. Only polymyxin B was active against such isolates. Nineteen CRAB isolates were clonally related (Cluster C, which belonged to worldwide-disseminated ST1). All newborns had peripheral access and had received ß-lactam therapy previously. The implementation of strict infection control measures was of fundamental importance to eradicate the clonal type in the study hospital.
Subject(s)
Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolation & purification , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Transmission, Infectious , beta-Lactam Resistance , Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology , Acinetobacter Infections/prevention & control , Acinetobacter Infections/transmission , Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects , Case-Control Studies , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Cross Infection/transmission , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infection Control/methods , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Male , Molecular TypingABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms applied to boron adsorption in highly weathered Brazilian soils. Surface (0-0.2 m) and subsurface (B horizon) samples were taken from a Rhodic Hapludox (Dusky red latosol = LR); Typic Hapludox (Dark-red latosol = LE), and one Arenic Paleudalf (Red-yellow podzolic _ PV). In order to quantify the adsorbed boron, 4 g of oven-dried soil were stired in polyethylene tubes, for 24 h, with 20 mL of a CaCl2 (0.01 mol.L-1) solution containing different quantities of boron (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.mL-1). Langmuir and Freundlich constants were estimated by nonlinear regressions. Boron adsorption was well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich models over the studied range of boron concentrations (0 to 16 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.mL-1) for all three soils. Adsorption maximum decreased from the LR samples (around 14 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1) to the PV subsurface sample (7 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1) and then to the surface PV horizon and LE samples (less than 6 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1). The Langmuir model exhibited lower sum of deviations in relation to the PV and the LE. The opposite occurred for the LR, where the sum of deviations was high for the Freundlich model.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a adequação dos modelos de Langmuir e de Freundlich para descrever a adsorção do boro em amostras superficiais (0-0,2 m) e subsuperficiais (na maior expressão do horizonte B) de três solos altamente intemperizados: latossolo roxo distrófico textura muito argilosa (LR), podzólico vermelho-amarelo eutrófico textura arenosa/média (PV) e latossolo vermelho-escuro álico textura média (LE). Para a determinação da quantidade de boro adsorvido, 20 mL de soluções de CaCl2 0,01 mol.L-1 com diferentes quantidades de boro (0; 1; 2; 4; 8 e 16 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.mL-1) foram adicionados a 4 g de terra fina seca em estufa e agitados por 24 h. Tanto o modelo de Langmuir como o de Freundlich adequaram-se bem aos valores de boro adsorvido pelos solos, em toda faixa estudada. As adsorções máximas de maior valor estimadas pelo modelo de Langmuir foram encontradas para as amostras do LR (em torno de 14 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1), seguidas daquela do horizonte B do PV (7 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1). Valores menores foram encontrados nas amostras do LE e no horizonte superficial do PV, com menos de 6 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1 de boro adsorvido. O somatório dos desvios no PV e no LE foram maiores para o modelo de Freundlich, enquanto que, no LR, o somatório foi maior para os valores estimados pelo modelo de Langmuir.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms applied to boron adsorption in highly weathered Brazilian soils. Surface (0-0.2 m) and subsurface (B horizon) samples were taken from a Rhodic Hapludox (Dusky red latosol = LR); Typic Hapludox (Dark-red latosol = LE), and one Arenic Paleudalf (Red-yellow podzolic _ PV). In order to quantify the adsorbed boron, 4 g of oven-dried soil were stired in polyethylene tubes, for 24 h, with 20 mL of a CaCl2 (0.01 mol.L-1) solution containing different quantities of boron (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.mL-1). Langmuir and Freundlich constants were estimated by nonlinear regressions. Boron adsorption was well described by both Langmuir and Freundlich models over the studied range of boron concentrations (0 to 16 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.mL-1) for all three soils. Adsorption maximum decreased from the LR samples (around 14 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1) to the PV subsurface sample (7 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1) and then to the surface PV horizon and LE samples (less than 6 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1). The Langmuir model exhibited lower sum of deviations in relation to the PV and the LE. The opposite occurred for the LR, where the sum of deviations was high for the Freundlich model.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a adequação dos modelos de Langmuir e de Freundlich para descrever a adsorção do boro em amostras superficiais (0-0,2 m) e subsuperficiais (na maior expressão do horizonte B) de três solos altamente intemperizados: latossolo roxo distrófico textura muito argilosa (LR), podzólico vermelho-amarelo eutrófico textura arenosa/média (PV) e latossolo vermelho-escuro álico textura média (LE). Para a determinação da quantidade de boro adsorvido, 20 mL de soluções de CaCl2 0,01 mol.L-1 com diferentes quantidades de boro (0; 1; 2; 4; 8 e 16 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.mL-1) foram adicionados a 4 g de terra fina seca em estufa e agitados por 24 h. Tanto o modelo de Langmuir como o de Freundlich adequaram-se bem aos valores de boro adsorvido pelos solos, em toda faixa estudada. As adsorções máximas de maior valor estimadas pelo modelo de Langmuir foram encontradas para as amostras do LR (em torno de 14 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1), seguidas daquela do horizonte B do PV (7 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1). Valores menores foram encontrados nas amostras do LE e no horizonte superficial do PV, com menos de 6 FONT FACE="Symbol">m /font>g.g-1 de boro adsorvido. O somatório dos desvios no PV e no LE foram maiores para o modelo de Freundlich, enquanto que, no LR, o somatório foi maior para os valores estimados pelo modelo de Langmuir.