Relación del cáncer colorrectal en el adulto mayor en lacomunidad con ciencia, tecnología y sociedad

RESUMEN:Introducción: En Cuba, 20 porciento de la población tiene 60 años y más, y la probabilidad de adquirir cáncer colorrectal es del cuatro al seis por ciento a lo largo de la vida,lo que constituye un problema social.Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el cáncer colorrectal en el adulto mayor en la comunidad con ciencia, tecnología y sociedad.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de intervención y desarrollo con la estrategia de autocuidado en adultos mayores con cáncer colorrectal en la comunidad en el Policlínico “Dr. Rudesindo Antonio García del Rijoˮ del municipio y provincia de Sancti Spíritus, en el periodo 2007-2017. Variables: nivel de información de los médicos, estado de salud, autocuidado y el alivio del dolor en los adultos mayores con cáncer colorrectal. Se trabajó con la totalidad de la población, 116 adultos mayores con cáncer colorrectal y 37 médicos. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva de cada variable mediante tablas, con frecuencias absoluta y relativa como medida de resumen.Resultados: Se instruyó a los pacientes y se logró el alivio del dolor en un 76,72porciento, mejoró el autocuidado en un 50 porciento y el estado de salud fue aceptable en un44,82 porciento. La sobrevida se comportó en los pacientes que estuvieron desde su diagnóstico en la estrategia de autocuidado de cinco a siete años.Conclusiones: El cáncer colorrectal en la población adulta mayor constituye un problema de ciencia, tecnología y sociedad.[AU]

Efecto de la cocaína sobre la inhibición por prepulso de la respuesta de sobresalto / Effects of cocaine on prepulse inhibition of the startle response

Introducción. La inhibición por prepulso (IPP) de la respuesta de sobresalto es una medida de sincronización sensitivomotora basada en la respuesta del reflejo de sobresalto. Un déficit en la IPP se ha observado en pacientes psiquiátricos, especialmente con esquizofrenia, así como en sujetos vulnerables a desarrollarla. Asimismo, los consumidores de cocaína presentan un alto índice de patologías psiquiátricas como la esquizofrenia. Objetivo. Conocer las alteraciones que el consumo de cocaína puede producir en la IPP. Desarrollo. Se realiza una revisión exhaustiva de los estudios, tanto clínicos como con modelos animales, que hayan evaluado la IPP tras el consumo o la administración de cocaína. Se sugieren bases neurales y mecanismos de acción subyacentes para explicar los resultados. Conclusiones. La cocaína altera la IPP a través de su acción sobre el sistema dopaminérgico. La administración aguda de cocaína disminuye la IPP al aumentar la dopamina, mientras que con el consumo crónico, dependiendo del tiempo de abstinencia, la IPP puede restablecerse. Sin embargo, los efectos de la cocaína sobre la IPP parecen depender de los niveles basales de la IPP que muestre el individuo. Así, dado que un déficit en la IPP se ha relacionado con una mayor vulnerabilidad a desarrollar patologías mentales como la esquizofrenia, los niveles de la IPP en los sujetos podrían considerarse como un biomarcador de vulnerabilidad psiquiátrica. Por ello, conocer mejor el efecto que drogas como la cocaína ejercen sobre la IPP puede ayudar a comprender el desarrollo de la patología dual (AU)

Introduction. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is an index used to evaluate how the pre-attention system. works. PPI is altered in patients with a mental disorder such as schizophrenia and in subjects who are vulnerable to it. Likewise, cocaine users also frequently exhibit psychiatric disorders as schizophrenia. Aim. To know the alterations that cocaine produces on PPI. Development. A comprehensive review is carried out, covering both clinical and preclinical studies with animal models that have evaluated the effects of cocaine exposure on the PPI paradigm. Underlying neural bases and mechanisms of action are suggested to explain these findings. Conclusions. Cocaine alters PPI through its action on the dopaminergic system. Acute exposure of cocaine decreases PPI by increasing dopamine, while with chronic use, depending on withdrawal time, PPI can be restored. However, the effects of cocaine on PPI appear to depend on the baseline levels of PPI shown by the individual. Thus, since a deficit in PPI has been associated with a greater vulnerability to developing mental pathologies such as schizophrenia, PPI level in subjects could be considered as a biomarker of psychiatric vulnerability. Therefore, a better understanding of the effect of drugs such as cocaine on PPI may help to understand the development of dual pathology (AU)

Hacia la comprensión y la expansión del fenómeno del paciente experto / Towards an understanding and expansion of the phenomenon of the expert patient

No disponible

Influence of the Novelty-Seeking Endophenotype on the Rewarding Effects of Psychostimulant Drugs in Animal Models.

Novelty seeking (NS), defined as a tendency to pursue novel and intense emotional sensations and experiences, is one of the most relevant individual factors predicting drug use among humans. High novelty seeking (HNS) individuals present an increased risk of drug use compared to low novelty seekers. The NS endophenotype may explain some of the differences observed among individuals exposed to drugs of abuse in adolescence. However, there is little research about the particular response of adolescents to drugs of abuse in function of this endophenotype, and the data that do exist are inconclusive. The present work reviews the literature regarding the influence of NS on psychostimulant reward, with particular focus on adolescent subjects. First, the different animal models of NS and the importance of this endophenotype in adolescence are discussed. Later, studies that have used the most common animal models of reward (self-administration, conditioned place preference paradigms) to evaluate how the NS trait influences the rewarding effects of psychostimulants are reviewed. Finally, possible explanations for the enhanced risk of developing substance dependence among HNS individuals are discussed. In conclusion, the studies referred to in this review show that the HNS trait is associated with: (1) increased initial sensitivity to the rewarding effects of psychostimulants, (2) a higher level of drug craving when the subject is exposed to the environmental cues associated with the drug, and (3) enhanced long-term vulnerability to relapse to drug consumption after prolonged abstinence.

Influence of trait anxiety on the effects of acute stress on learning and retention of the passive avoidance task in male and female mice.

The influence of anxiety on the effects of acute stress for the acquisition and retention of passive avoidance conditioned task was evaluated in male and female mice. Animals were categorized as high-, medium-, and low-anxiety according to their performance in the elevated plus-maze test. Subsequently, half of the mice in each group were exposed to an acute stressor and assayed in an aversive conditioning test two days later. Exposure to restraint stress before inhibitory avoidance conditioning had a differential impact on the conditioned response of males and females according to their trait anxiety. The acute stressor significantly altered the conditioned response of mice with a high-anxiety level. The long-term effect of the stressor varied for each sex; high-anxiety stressed males showed an enhanced conditioned response with respect to their controls, whereas high-anxiety stressed females presented an impaired performance. These results lead us to believe that the characterization of individuality is an important factor in understanding the interaction between stress and memory for each sex; the trait anxiety of our animals modulated the effects of stress on the conditioned response so that males and females performed in contrasting manners to the same environmental stimuli and experimental conditions.

Inadequacies of a polished rice and fish diet and recommendations for its improvement in the Philippines

1. Rice constitutes the chief staple food of the Philippines. Several varieties of rice are consumed by the Filipinos. Studies by other workers have shown that the actual compositon of these varieties do not differ very much, but the methods of treatment cause considerable alteration in their composition. Biologically, several systems of classification have been proposed by several workers2. Polished rice is to a great extent used in the Philippines. Dietetically, several reasons are advanced to show the defects of polished rice3. The addition of fish to polished rice undoubtedly improves the protein, the fat, and to a slight extent, the fat soluble vitamin content: yet the minerals, especially calcium and water soluble vitamins, particularly vitamin B are still deficient4. In supplementing a diet consisting of polished rice and fish, one has to take into consideration the social and economic conditions of the masses. The question of supply and distribution of food of right quality but cheaper in price should be considered also5. Suggestions for getting the people to supplement a diet consisting of polished rice and fish are (a) encouragement in the use of green leafy and yellow colored vegetables and fruits to supply the deficiency of vitamin A, B, calcium and iron; (b) promoting the use of pork and glandular organs to supply the deficiency of animal fat and vitamin B1 and minerals, especially iron; (c) encouraging the use of eggs whenever possible in order to supplement the low biologic value of rice protein and to furnish vitamin A, iron and phosphorus; (d) discouraging the use of white polished rice and recommending the use of under-milled rice or hand-pounded rice instead; (e) popularizing the use of mongo beans, soy-beans, and bean products as cheap sources of proteins; (f) explaining the advantage of fresh Philippine vegetables and fruits which are found rich in vitamin C. The feasibility of using powdered skimmed milk as a supplement to the diet of growing Filipino children, pregnant and lactating mothers, should be studied. Caution is surely needed here, since the handling of powdered milk in a totally sanitary manner is difficult. (Summary)

A biochemical evaluation of the UNICEF School lunch program given to malnourished children of San Andres Elementary School

An evaluation of the UNICEF School Feeding Program by microchemical methods was made on about 200 selected school children. One-half served as control and the other half received school lunch for one school year which consisted of one-third the daily carolie allowance recommended by the National Research Council of the PhilippinesThe mean hemoglobin level and serum protein are within the normal range. A significant increase in hemoglobin and a slight rise in serum protein may be attributed to the de-worming of the children, the consumption of undermilled rice, milk and in general to a more balanced school lunch of the childrenResults from the control group showed that in this study the greatest deficiency appeared to be in Vitamin A and carotene. The school lunch given during the feeding program did not improve on the vitamin A levels of the subjects. There is apparently a great need for whole milk and more leafy, green and yellow vegetables in the diet of these childrenThe findings showed that vitamin c is within a satisfactory ranged. It would seen that the vitamin C derived from the limited intake of fruits and vegetables in the childrens diet is enough to give a good blood serum levels of vitamin C or that the children had fruits in between meals which were not recordedThe low consumption of milk is reflected clearly in the low urinary riboflavin excretion of the control. Striking results were obtained from the subjects receiving one glass of milk on school days. A corresponding high value in serum riboflavin was noted among the subjectsAlthough a better thiamine level of excretion was obtained in comparison with urinary riboflavin, the fact still remains that more than one-third of the children failed to reach at least the "critical" level of urinary thiamine. The school lunch program which provided undermilled rice gave a 10 percent improvement in urinary excretion for thiamine. (Summary)

Studies on the thiamine content of rice, vegetables and other foods in Bataan Province

Studies on the thiamine content of rice, vegetables, and other foods from animal sources in Bataan Province were made. Effects of washing on rice thiamine and of cooking on thiamine values of vegetables were investigated. The data obtained from these studies correlated with the dietary practices of rice-eaters in Bataan Province may explain why beriberi was prevalent in Bataan previous to the introduction of artificially enriched rice. (Summary)

Studies on vitamin C, III: The blood ascorbic acid content in pregnancy and lactation

The ascorbic acid content of blood in 109 pregnant Filipino women and forty-four lactating mothers was determined, using the Pijoan and Eddy method. Our results may be summarized as follows: 1. There is a tendency for the ascorbic acid content of blood plasma to diminish as pregnancy advances, although this tendency is not consistent throughout the course of pregnancy2. The ascorbic acid content of the corpuscles does not diminish as pregnancy advances, as observed by other authors3. The figures we obtained in both plasma and corpuscles at the time of delivery are very much higher than the figures reported so far by other authors either in Europe or in America, except those found by Meulemans and De Haas among the natives of Batavia and the Chinese residents of Java4. The ascorbic acid content of both plasma and corpuscles during the first seven days of puerperium is very much higher than that reported of Ingalss, et al. A possible explanation for this discrepancy in the two findings has been offered5. In view of the fact that there is a tendency for the ascorbic acid content of blood to decrease during pregnancy and lactation it is recommended that mothers of breast-fed infants should receive an adequate diet containing plenty of vitamin C in the form of fruits and fresh vegetables, e.g., papaya, orange juice, guava, tomato, malungay, and kale. (Summary and recommendations)

Hematologic studies of Filipino children, I: hemoglobin estimation by the iron method

The blood iron content of 156 boys and 100 girls was determined, using Duprays method, and from this the hemoglobin content was calculatedThe mean iron content found in 156 boys was 44.77 + 0.08776 mg. per 100 cc., with a standard deviation of 1.625 and a coefficient of variation of 3.629. This is equivalent to 13.35 + 0.02498 gm. in terms of hemoglobin per 100 cc., with a standard deviation of 0.4626 and a coefficient of variation of 3.465. The mean iron found for 100 girls was 44.65 + 0.12701 mg. per 100 cc., with a standard deviation of 1.883 and a coefficient of variation of 4.217. This is equivalent to 13.31 + 0.03484 gm. hemoglobin per 100 cc., with a standard deviation of 0.5166 and a coefficient of variation of 4.345We did not find any correlation between age and hemoglobin content in this series nor in the series reported by Osgood and Baker. We found also that sex has no influence at all on the hemoglobin content. This is quite in agreement with the conclusion of Mengrave and Andersen and also with that of Winocur. Neither has underweight any effect on the hemoglobin content. The same conclusion has been reached by WinocurIn comparing the results obtained with the iron method with those obtained with the Talquist method, we found that the figures are very close to each other provided that the sample is taken from the vein.(Summary and Conclusions)

Relation between maternal age and serum concentration of IgG antibody to type III group B streptococci.

Coded serum samples collected from healthy obstetric patients at delivery were examined by ELISA for IgG antibody to the purified type III polysaccharide of group B streptococci. When 217 patients were divided into 4 groups according to age (group I =16-20 years, n = 56; group II = 21-25, n = 53; group III = 26-30, n = 54; group IV = 31-35, n = 54), antibody concentrations were significantly lower in group I than in older patients. Fewer subjects in group I had measurable antibody levels (> or = 0.05 microgram/mL) than in groups II-IV (41% vs. 76%, P < .001). The geometric mean in group I (0.09 microgram/mL) was significantly lower (P < .001) than in the older groups (0.23, 0.19, and 0.20 microgram/mL, respectively) with little or no overlap of the 95% confidence limits (1.96 SE) about the means. These findings may be relevant to the observation of a significantly greater risk of both early- and late-onset group B streptococcal disease in infants of teenage mothers.

Anemia Ferripriva en lactantes menores de 6 meses de edad ingresados

Se investigó la presencia de anemia ferripriva en 756 niños menores de 6 meses ingresados en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial de Sancti Spíritus. No se observó anemia ferripriva en los niños menores de un mes; a partir del mes de nacido la frecuencia de anemia ferripriva aumentó progresivamente hasta alcanzar entre los niños de cinco meses de edad un 23,1 por ciento, esta distribución es estadísticamente significativa (p<0,01). La frecuencia de anemia ferripriva encontrada en los ingresados en el servicio de Gastro fue de 9,1 por ciento, ésta fue menor que la de lo servicios de Respiratorio 15,8 por ciento y miscelánea 14,6 por ciento, esta diferencia es significativa (p<0,001). Se plantea que la anemia ferripriva predispone al que padece a necesitar ingreso por diversas enfermedades.(AU)

Anemia Ferripriva en lactantes menores de 6 meses de edad ingresados

Se investigó la presencia de anemia ferripriva en 756 niños menores de 6 meses ingresados en el HospitalPediátrico Provincial de Sancti Spíritus. No se observó anemia ferripriva en los niños menores de un mes; a partir del mes de nacido la frecuencia de anemia ferripriva aumentó progresivamente hasta alcanzar entre los niños de cinco meses de edad un 23,1 por ciento, esta distribución es estadisticamente significativa (p<0,01). La frecuencia de anemia ferripriva encontrada en los ingresados en el servicio de Gastro fue de 9,1 por ciento, ésta fue menor que la de lo servicios de Respiratorio 15,8 por ciento y miscelánea 14,6 por ciento, esta diferencia es significativa (p<0,001). Se plantea que la anemia ferripriva predispone al que padece a necesitar ingreso por diversas enfermedades.(AU)

[An assessment of the patients in a pediatric intensive care unit]. / Valoración de los pacientes dentro de la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos.

Twenty four patients, consecutively hospitalized in the "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Military Hospital, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Havana City, were evaluated by the therapeutic intervention system (TISS), in order to extend knowledges on evaluative system. According to the clinic classification system, the cases were clustered into four classes. The most severe cases are included into class IV (higher score), while cases clustered into class I (lower score) are those under current surveillance. Ruling clinical classification corresponded to class II and IV, with seven cases in each group. Incidence of diagnosis of infection of the central nervous system, followed by intoxication, was observed. Mean index of patient/nurse score was 22.3 in the most severe cases. There was little difference between day shift (22.9 points) and night shift (24.1 points).