ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Predator species under field conditions can face different and variable densities of prey species. This work evaluated the functional response of the neotropical lady beetle Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) subjected to different densities of the aphids Brevicoryne brassicae and Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Thus, predation rates were analyzed of fourth-instar larvae and one-day old adults of the lady beetle preying upon the aphids at constant densities of 20, 40, 50, 60, and 70 aphids with 15 repetitions per density. The aphids were offered on 5 cm leaf discs of each plant host. The handling times and attack rates were 0.03 h-1 and 0.27 h-1 for larvae and 0.03 h-1 and 0.15 h-1 for adults fed B. brassicae and 0.59 h-1 and 0.35 h-1 for larvae and 0.70 h-1 and 0.95 h-1 for adults fed A. craccivora, respectively. Both larva and adult lady beetles increased predation rate as a function of prey density offered, with an estimated maximum number of prey consumed of 30.3 and 31.6 B. brassicae and 36.3 and 34.6 of A. craccivora by larva and adult lady beetles at the highest prey density, respectively. In conclusion, larvae and adults of E. connexa exhibited a type II functional response.
RESUMEN Las especies de depredadores en condiciones de campo pueden enfrentar densidades diferentes y variables de sus presas. Este trabajo evaluó la respuesta funcional de la mariquita neotropical Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) sometida a diferentes densidades de los pulgones Brevicoryne brassicae y Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Se analizaron las tasas de depredación de larvas de cuarto estadio y adultos de un día de vida en las densidades constantes de 20, 40, 50, 60 y 70 pulgones con 15 repeticiones por densidad. Los pulgones se ofrecieron en discos de 5 cm de hojas de la planta huésped. Los tiempos de manejo y las tasas de ataque fueron 0.03 h-1 y 0.27 h-1 para larvas y 0.03 h-1 y 0.15 h-1 para adultos alimentados con B. brassicae y 0.59 h-1 y 0.35 h-1 para larvas y 0.70 h-1 y 0.95 h-1 para adultos alimentados con A. craccivora, respectivamente. Las larvas y las mariquitas adultas aumentaron la tasa de depredación en función de la densidad de presas ofrecidas, con un número máximo estimado de presas consumidas de 30.3 y 31.6 de B. brassicae y 36.3 y 34.6 de A. craccivora para larvas y mariquitas adultas a la mayor densidad de presas, respectivamente. En conclusión, las larvas y los adultos de E. connexa exhibieron una respuesta funcional del tipo II.
ABSTRACT
A methanolic extract from neem seed kernels, obtained using the Soxhlet apparatus was used to study the mortality of eggs and larvae of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and to evaluate of the ovicidal effect. Eggs 24 hours after oviposition were counted and sprayed with the extract at the concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 mg L-1. Controls were sprayed with water and methanol. The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions at 25±2°C; UR 50±10% and 12 h of photophase. Incubation period for all treatments, including controls, was four days on the average. The extract did not affect the viability of eggs, although the values varied between of 51.7% the 80.6%. Larvae recently hatched from eggs were placed in glass tubes containing a tomato leaflet previously immersed for five seconds into the extract, at concentrations of 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg L-1 and conditioned on BOD at 27±1°C; 65±10% RH and 12 hours of light. By the fourth day after treatment the extract caused mortalities of 82, 68, 94.7 and 100%, respectively. By the sixth day, all concentrations caused 100% mortality of the larvae. The controls with water and methanol presented mortalities of 4 and 8%, respectively.
Estudou-se o efeito tóxico do extrato metanólico da amêndoa da semente de nim, obtido pelo aparelho de Soxhlet, na mortalidade de ovos e lagartas de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Para constatação do efeito ovicida, ovos com 24 horas da oviposição foram contados e pulverizados com extrato nas concentrações 1000; 500; 250; 125 e 62,5 mg L-1. As testemunhas foram pulverizadas com água e metanol. O experimento foi mantido, em laboratório, a 25 ± 2°C; UR de 50 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 h. O período de incubação, para todos os tratamentos inclusive as testemunhas, foi em média de quatro dias, sendo que o extrato não afetou a viabilidade dos ovos, embora os valores tenham variado de 51,7% a 80,6%. Lagartas recém-eclodidas foram colocadas em tubos contendo um folíolo de tomateiro, previamente imerso em extrato, nas concentrações de 2000; 4000; 6000 e 8000 mg L-1 e acondicionados na câmara climatizada à 27 ± 1°C; UR: 65 ± 10% e fotofase: 12 h. Aos quatro dias, causaram mortalidade de 82, 68, 94,7 e 100%, respectivamente, sendo que, ao sexto dia, todas as concentrações tinham causado 100% de mortalidade da fase larval. As testemunhas tratadas com água e com metanol apresentaram mortalidade de 4% e 8%, respectivamente.
ABSTRACT
A methanolic extract from neem seed kernels, obtained using the Soxhlet apparatus was used to study the mortality of eggs and larvae of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and to evaluate of the ovicidal effect. Eggs 24 hours after oviposition were counted and sprayed with the extract at the concentrations of 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 mg L-1. Controls were sprayed with water and methanol. The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions at 25±2°C; UR 50±10% and 12 h of photophase. Incubation period for all treatments, including controls, was four days on the average. The extract did not affect the viability of eggs, although the values varied between of 51.7% the 80.6%. Larvae recently hatched from eggs were placed in glass tubes containing a tomato leaflet previously immersed for five seconds into the extract, at concentrations of 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 mg L-1 and conditioned on BOD at 27±1°C; 65±10% RH and 12 hours of light. By the fourth day after treatment the extract caused mortalities of 82, 68, 94.7 and 100%, respectively. By the sixth day, all concentrations caused 100% mortality of the larvae. The controls with water and methanol presented mortalities of 4 and 8%, respectively.
Estudou-se o efeito tóxico do extrato metanólico da amêndoa da semente de nim, obtido pelo aparelho de Soxhlet, na mortalidade de ovos e lagartas de Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Para constatação do efeito ovicida, ovos com 24 horas da oviposição foram contados e pulverizados com extrato nas concentrações 1000; 500; 250; 125 e 62,5 mg L-1. As testemunhas foram pulverizadas com água e metanol. O experimento foi mantido, em laboratório, a 25 ± 2°C; UR de 50 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 h. O período de incubação, para todos os tratamentos inclusive as testemunhas, foi em média de quatro dias, sendo que o extrato não afetou a viabilidade dos ovos, embora os valores tenham variado de 51,7% a 80,6%. Lagartas recém-eclodidas foram colocadas em tubos contendo um folíolo de tomateiro, previamente imerso em extrato, nas concentrações de 2000; 4000; 6000 e 8000 mg L-1 e acondicionados na câmara climatizada à 27 ± 1°C; UR: 65 ± 10% e fotofase: 12 h. Aos quatro dias, causaram mortalidade de 82, 68, 94,7 e 100%, respectivamente, sendo que, ao sexto dia, todas as concentrações tinham causado 100% de mortalidade da fase larval. As testemunhas tratadas com água e com metanol apresentaram mortalidade de 4% e 8%, respectivamente.