Adaptación de Tareas para Detectar el Talento Matemático en Personas con Discapacidad Visual Basada en el Análisis de las Habilidades de Visualización y la Generalización / Adaptation of Tasks to Detect Mathematical Talent in People with Visual Impairment Based on the Analysis of Visualization and Generalization Skills

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se analizan las habilidades de visualización y la generalización en la resolución por una persona ciega de dos tareas propuestas para la identificación del talento matemático. A partir de este análisis, se establecen algunas pautas para adaptar las tareas y se contrastan con las habilidades requeridas en la prueba original, especialmente en las relativas a las características del talento asociadas a la generalización. Se evidencia que las personas con discapacidad visual requieren la manifestación de otras habilidades, como por ejemplo la memoria visual y la percepción de las relaciones espaciales que no son imprescindibles en el planteamiento original.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho, analisamos as capacidades de visualização e de generalização na resolução por uma pessoa cega de duas tarefas propostas para a identificação de talentos matemáticos. A partir dessa análise, foram estabelecidas algumas diretrizes para a adaptação das tarefas e contrastadas com as competências exigidas no teste original, especialmente as relacionadas às características do talento associadas à generalização. Verificamos que as pessoas com deficiência visual requerem a manifestação de outras capacidades, tais como a memória visual e a percepção de relações espaciais, que não são essenciais na abordagem original.

ABSTRACT: In this work, we analyze the visualization skills and generalization in the resolution by a blind person of two tasks proposed for the identification of mathematical talent. From this analysis, some guidelines were established to adapt the tasks and contrasted with the skills required in the original test, especially those related to the characteristics of talent associated with generalization. We verifed that people with visual impairment require the manifestation of other skills, such as visual memory and perception of spatial relationships, which are not essential in the original statement.

[Guideline on hepatitis C testing in Spain. An interdisciplinary work with a Public Health approach.] / La guía de cribado de la infección por el VHC en España. Un proceso interdisciplinar con enfoque de salud pública.

Within the framework of the Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis and the Strategic Plan for tackling hepatitis C in the Spanish National Health System, the Secretariat of the National Plan on HIV and STIs and the Unit for Screening Programs in the Ministry of Health have coordinated the policies around the screening of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Spain. This paper describes the experience and learnings arisen around it. The key points of the process include interdisciplinary work through a Technical Group made up of experts from the different fields involved; the availability of scientific evidence for decision-making, highlighting the 2nd Seroprevalence Study in the general population; and a public health approach along the entire process. As a result, the recently published Guideline on hepatitis C testing includes the indication for HCV testing for people with risk exposures and situations, as well as the main recommendations to improve screening and linkage to care in the most affected populations. We hope that this Guideline and the continuation of joint work will be a step towards equitable access to the diagnosis and treatment of HCV infection in Spain.

En el marco de la Estrategia Mundial del sector de la salud contra las hepatitis víricas y el Plan Estratégico de Abordaje de la Hepatitis C en el Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), la Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, junto a la Unidad de Programas de Cribado del Ministerio de Sanidad, han coordinado entre 2019 y 2020 las políticas estatales en torno al cribado de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en España. En este artículo se describe la experiencia y reflexiones surgidas en torno a ella. Como puntos clave del proceso destacan el trabajo interdisciplinar a través de un Grupo Técnico en el que han participado personas expertas de los diferentes ámbitos implicados; la disponibilidad de evidencia científica para la toma de decisiones, especialmente el 2º Estudio de Seroprevalencia del VHC en población general; y el enfoque de salud pública transversal a todo el proceso. El resultado se muestra en la recién publicada Guía de cribado de infección por el VHC, en la que se indica el cribado a personas con exposiciones y situaciones de riesgo para la infección, así como se recogen las principales recomendaciones para mejorar el cribado y la vinculación al seguimiento y tratamiento. Esperamos que esta Guía y la continuación del trabajo conjunto supongan un impulso al acceso equitativo al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por el VHC en España.

La guía de cribado de la infección por el VHC en España. Un proceso interdisciplinar con enfoque de salud pública / Guideline on hepatitis C testing in Spain. An interdisciplinary work with a Public Health approach

En el marco de la Estrategia Mundial del sector de la salud contra las hepatitis víricas y el Plan Estratégico de Abordaje de la Hepatitis C en el Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), la Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida, junto a la Unidad de Programas de Cribado del Ministerio de Sanidad, han coordinado entre 2019 y 2020 las políticas estatales en torno al cribado de la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en España. En este artículo se describe la experiencia y reflexiones surgidas en torno a ella. Como puntos clave del proceso destacan el trabajo interdisciplinar a través de un Grupo Técnico en el que han participado personas expertas de los diferentes ámbitos implicados; la disponibilidad de evidencia científica para la toma de decisiones, especialmente el 2º Estudio de Seroprevalencia del VHC en población general; y el enfoque de salud pública transversal a todo el proceso. El resultado se muestra en la recién publicada Guía de cribado de infección por el VHC, en la que se indica el cribado a personas con exposiciones y situaciones de riesgo para la infección, así como se recogen las principales recomendaciones para mejorar el cribado y la vinculación al seguimiento y tratamiento. Esperamos que esta Guía y la continuación del trabajo conjunto supongan un impulso al acceso equitativo al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por el VHC en España

Within the framework of the Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis and the Strategic Plan for tackling hepatitis C in the Spanish National Health System, the Secretariat of the National Plan on HIV and STIs and the Unit for Screening Programs in the Ministry of Health have coordinated the policies around the screening of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Spain. This paper describes the experience and learnings arisen around it. The key points of the process include interdisciplinary work through a Technical Group made up of experts from the different fields involved; the availability of scientific evidence for decision-making, highlighting the 2nd Seroprevalence Study in the general population; and a public health approach along the entire process. As a result, the recently published Guideline on hepatitis C testing includes the indication for HCV testing for people with risk exposures and situations, as well as the main recommendations to improve screening and linkage to care in the most affected populations. We hope that this Guideline and the continuation of joint work will be a step towards equitable access to the diagnosis and treatment of HCV infection in Spain

[Methodology of the 2nd seroprevalence study in Spain]. / Metodología del 2º estudio de seroprevalencia en España.

Seroprevalence studies are designed in population samples to assess the level and distribution of immunity induced by natural infection of certain infectious agents or by immunization against them. The purpose of the 2nd Seroprevalence Study in Spain is to assess the prevalence and distribution of immune status against vaccine-preventable diseases and generated by natural infection by other microorganisms. Pathologies specifically included in the study are: poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, rubella, mumps, varicella, invasive meningococcal disease by serogroup C, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis E, hepatitis C and HIV. The study has a similar design of that conducted in 1996, as it is a descriptive cross-sectional study in resident population of 2 to 80 years of age in Spain. Two-stage conglomerate sampling was carried out on the population aged 2 to 80 years living in Spain, with an initial sample size of 10,000 people. The methodology of the study is described in this article.

Los estudios de seroprevalencia se elaboran en muestras poblacionales con el fin de investigar el nivel y distribución de la inmunidad inducida por infección natural de determinados agentes infecciosos o por vacunación frente a los mismos. El 2º Estudio de Seroprevalencia en España tiene el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia y distribución del estado inmune frente a las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y de la generada por infección natural por otros microrganismos. En concreto, las patologías incluidas en el estudio son: poliomielitis, difteria, tétanos, tosferina, sarampión, rubéola, parotiditis, varicela, enfermedad meningocócica invasora por serogrupo C, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E e infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Para ello, se ha diseñado un estudio similar al realizado en 1996, observacional de tipo transversal en la población residente en España de 2 a 80 años de edad. Se ha realizado un muestreo por conglomerados bietápico de la población de 2 a 80 años residente en España, con un tamaño muestral inicial de 10.000 personas. En este artículo se describe la metodología utilizada en la realización del estudio.

Metodología del 2º estudio de seroprevalencia en España / Methodology of the 2nd seroprevalence study in Spain

Los estudios de seroprevalencia se realizan sobre una muestra de problación con el fin de investigar el nivel y distribución de la inmunidad inducida por infección natural de determinados agentes infecciosos o por vacunación frente a los mismos. El 2º Estudio de Seroprevalencia en España tiene el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia y distribución del estado inmune frente a las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y de la generada por infección natural por otros microrganismos. En concreto, las patologías incluidas en el estudio son: poliomielitis, difteria, tétanos, tosferina, sarampión, rubéola, parotiditis, varicela, enfermedad meningocócica invasora por serogrupo C, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E e infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Para ello, se ha diseñado un estudio similar al realizado en 1996, observacional de tipo transversal en la población residente en España de 2 a 80 años de edad. Se ha realizado un muestreo por conglomerados bietápico de la población de 2 a 80 años residente en España, con un tamaño muestral inicial de 10.000 personas. En este artículo se describe la metodología utilizada en la realización del estudio

Seroprevalence studies are designed in population samples to assess the level and distribution of immunity induced by natural infection of certain infectious agents or by immunization against them. The purpose of the 2nd Seroprevalence Study in Spain is to assess the prevalence and distribution of immune status against vaccine-preventable diseases and generated by natural infection by other microorganisms. Pathologies specifically included in the study are: poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, rubella, mumps, varicella, invasive meningococcal disease by serogroup C, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis E, hepatitis C and HIV. The study has a similar design of that conducted in1996, as it is a descriptive crosssectional study in resident population of 2 to 80 years of age in Spain. Two-stage conglomerate sampling was carried out on the population aged 2 to 80 years living in Spain, with an initial sample size of 10,000 people. The methodology of the study is described in this article

Analysis of Training Plans in Basketball: Gender and Formation Stage Differences.

Scientific literature has stated the presence of various stages in athletes sportive development, with different objectives in each one of them. This should lead coaches to different training plans according to the athlete's formation stage. The aim of this study was to analyse training plans and identify differences in basketball objectives according to formative stages (U'12 and U'14) in boys and girls. A total of 1,976 training tasks were collected and analysed, for a total of four teams (girls and boys of U'12 and U'14 categories) during an entire season. Pedagogical variables, game phases, game situations, training means and content were studied. The results showed significant differences between genders. Girls' teams performed more tasks on offense and technical skills. By contrast, boys' teams performed more defensive tasks and tactical contents. The 1-on-0 and 1-on-1 were the most repeated game situations in all teams. Coaches used different training tasks according to gender and age. In male U'12 teams, drills predominated, whereas in the other categories, games predominated. For boys' teams, the contents were tactical oriented, and for girls' teams, the contents were oriented toward skill acquisition. Studying the pedagogical variables of the training process allowed for identification of the utility of training, assessment, and modification of this process.

Analysis of training tasks regarding game stages and situations in U´10 and U´13 categories / Análisis de las tareas de entrenamiento respecto a la fase y las situaciones de juego en categoría minibasket e infantil

The aim of this study was to analyze the way training tasks are designed by four coaches of U´10 category (9-10 years old) and U´13 category (12-13 years old) regarding game stages and situations. The sample of this study is formed by four coaches: C1 and C2 train mini basket teams and are more experienced; C3 and C4 train children’s teams and are less experienced. 452 training tasks designed by these four coaches for two months were analyzed. The training pedagogical variables registered were the following: Game stages, Game situations and Content. In order to control data’s reliability, consensual agreement was carried out, and in order to obtain inter and intra-assessor agreement, kappa de Cohen and multirater kfree indexes were used. A descriptive and inferential analysis was performed (χ2, φc and RTC) in order to analyze the characteristics of the tasks designed by each coach and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to know the differences in the studied variables amongst coaches. The results show that there are mainly offensive tasks, although three of the coaches show to tend to combine offensive and defense tactics. Game situations most common are 1x0 and 1x1. Situations without opposition are mainly used to work on offensive contents. The analysis of training pedagogical variables provides very useful information to know how the basketball training is designed

El objeto de este estudio fue analizar cómo es el entrenamiento diseñado por cuatro entrenadores de las categorías de minibasket (9-10 años) e infantil (12-13 años) respecto a las fases de juego y las situaciones de juego. La muestra del estudio la constituyen 4 entrenadores, E1 y E2 dirigen equipos minibasket y con más experiencia como entrenador, y E3 y E4 dirigen equipos infantiles y tienen menor experiencia. Se analizaron las 452 tareas de entrenamiento, de dos meses de intervención, diseñadas por los entrenadores del estudio. Las variables pedagógicas registradas fueron: Fases de juego, Situaciones de juego y Contenido. El control de la calidad del dato se llevó a cabo a través de la concordancia consensuada y para la concordancia inter e intra-evaluador con los índices de kappa de Cohen y multirater kfree. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial (χ2, φc and RTC) para explorar las características de las tareas diseñadas por cada entrenador y la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney para conocer las diferencias entre los entrenadores en las variables de estudio. Los resultados muestran que existe un predominio de las tareas dirigidas al ataque, aunque en tres de los entrenadores se aprecia una tendencia al trabajo conjunto de ataque y defensa. Las situaciones de juego más utilizadas son el 1x0 y el 1x1. Se utilizan situaciones sin oposición, en mayor medida, para trabajar contenidos ofensivos. El análisis de las variables pedagógicas del entrenamiento proporciona información muy útil sobre cómo es el entrenamiento deportivo diseñado en Baloncesto

Relathionship between pedagogical content knowledge and coaching methods

The aim of this study was to know the relationship between the Pedagogical Content Knowledge and the planned Coaching Methods in early phases of basketball learning. The participants were three coaches. Each coaches’ task was analyzed: U’12 male team (n = 394), U’12 female team (n = 427), U’14 female team (n = 459), as well as their own view. The variables studied were PCK’s dimensions and coaching methods. A descriptive and inferential analysis were carried out for the planned tasks (Chi-square, Contingency coefficient y Residuals adjusted standardized) and another one for content of interviews. The outcomes showed the predominance of plays over exercises. There are close ties among the knowledge of the content, curricular pedagogy, goals, players, strategies and contexts that explain the sort of coaching method chosen(AU)

El objeto de este estudio fue conocer las relaciones que se establecen entre el Pedagogical Content Knowledge y los medios de entrenamiento planificados para categorías de iniciación al Baloncesto. Los participantes fueron tres entrenadores. Se analizaron las tareas de entrenamiento diseñadas por estos entrenadores para un equipo alevín masculino (n = 394), alevín femenino (n = 427) e infantil femenino (n = 459), así como la opinión de los entrenadores. Las variables de estudio son las dimensiones del PCK y los Medios de entrenamiento. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y un análisis inferencial para los datos de las tareas planificadas (Chi-cuadrado, Coeficiente de contingencia y Residuos Tipificados Corregidos) y, un análisis del contenido para los datos de la entrevista. Los resultados muestran que existe un predominio del juego por encima del ejercicio. Se encuentran relaciones entre dimensiones del conocimiento de la materia, de la pedagogía, curricular, de los objetivos, de los jugadores, de las estrategias y del contexto que explican la elección por un tipo de medio de entrenamiento u otro(AU)

Complex system theory in team sports. Example in 5 on 5 basketball contest

El objetivo del siguiente estudio fue analizar la competición de baloncesto como un sistema complejo, utilizando como parámetros de orden y control la eficacia ofensiva y el tiempo. Se analizaron los partidos de la liga A.C.B. de baloncesto en la temporada 2007-08, seleccionado para el estudio dinámico los 73 partidos que no se consiguen explicar mediante el análisis dinámico. A través de la transformada de Hilbert se halló la fase relativa de los equipos en competición. Los resultados muestran periodos de estabilidad, inestabilidad y transición, tanto en fase como en anti fase. También se encontraron perturbaciones en el desarrollo del juego que llevan al sistema desde un estado estable a otro inestable. Los resultados del estudio avalan el análisis de los partidos de baloncesto a través de la teoría de sistemas. Los entrenadores deben preparar a sus equipos para ser capaces de obtener la información del entorno de competición y buscar nuevas soluciones a los problemas emergentes del juego (AU)

The purpose of the study was to analyze basketball contest under complex systems framework. Control and order parameters were defined as time and offensive rating. The data was composed by 73 games from the ACB league during the 2007-08 season. Relative phase of confronting teams was calculated through Hilbert Transform. Results show stability, instability and transition periods, with coordination in-phase and anti-phase. Perturbations were found in the development of the game. These perturbations move the systems from stable to instable states. Findings of the study guarantee the dynamics analysis of basketball contest. Coaches should prepare their teams to be able of analyze environmental information and find new solutions for game constraints (AU)

Comparison of the f-HPV typing™ and Hybrid Capture II® assays for detection of high-risk HPV genotypes in cervical samples.

Human papillomavirus genotyping is being considered in cervical screening programs and for monitoring the effectiveness of HPV vaccination. Both approaches require access to fast, easy and high-throughput technology. The aim of this study was to compare a new commercial assay (f-HPV typing™) with the Hybrid Capture II® (HC2) to detect HPV infection. The F-HPV typing is a multiplex fluorescent PCR method recognizing E6 and E7 regions of 13 high-risk (HR) HPV types, the same set of HR-types targeted HC2 test. A subset of 157 cervical samples was tested with both assays. The percentage of positive HR-HPV DNA samples was 24% (37/155) by HC2 and 33% (49/155) by f-HPV typing. Concordant results were found in 133/155 (overall agreement, 85.8%; Cohen's kappa=0.65). The analytical sensitivity and specificity of f-HPV were 97.6 and 93, respectively. In conclusion, this study shows that the f-HPV assay provides a good alternative to HC2 to detect HPV infection, allowing simple and rapid HPV genotyping and detecting multiple infections.

Human papillomavirus genotype distribution and human papillomavirus 16 and human papillomavirus 18 genomic integration in invasive and in situ cervical carcinoma in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women.

BACKGROUND: Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of developing precancerous and cancerous lesions in cervix because of persistence of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Scarce information about the HPV genotypes attributed to cervical cancer in the HIV-infected population is available, especially in countries with a low prevalence of this pathology. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of HPV types, and the viral integration of HPV-16 and HPV-18 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma of HIV-infected and HIV-negative women. METHODS: A total of 140 formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 31 HIV-infected and 109 matched HIV-negative women, with a diagnosis of in situ or invasive cervical carcinoma, were identified between 1987 and 2010 from different hospitals of the Barcelona area, Spain. Human papillomavirus genotyping and integration were analyzed by standardized polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Similar prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes were detected in cervical cancers (in situ and invasive) regardless of HIV condition. The most common types were as follows: HPV-16 (58% in HIV-positive vs 72% in HIV-negative) and HPV-33 (16% vs 8%). In invasive cervical carcinoma, HPV-18 was significantly more prevalent in HIV-positive women (14% vs 1%; P = 0.014). The proportion of samples with integrated forms of HPV-16 (39% vs 45%) and HPV-18 (50% vs 50%) was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and distribution of principal HPV types involved in the carcinogenesis process of the cervix were similar in HIV-infected and noninfected women, although a tendency toward a lower HPV-16 and a higher HPV-18 prevalence in invasive cervical carcinoma was detected in HIV-positive women. Similar percentage of HPV-16 and HPV-18 viral integration was found in formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of cervical cancer regardless of the HIV infection status.

Ensayos clínicos con medicamentos autorizados en España durante 2007 y 2008 / Clinical trials on drugs authorised in Spain during 2007 and 2008

No disponible

No disponible

Human papillomavirus 16 integration and risk factors associated in anal samples of HIV-1 infected men.

BACKGROUND: The integration of HPV-16 DNA into the host genome is considered an important event in the progression of premalignant cervical lesions to cervical cancer. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of HPV-16 integration in anal cytologic specimens of HIV-1 infected men and its association with risk factors. PATIENTS METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 269 HIV-infected males. Detection and typing of HPV-infection was done by multiplex PCR, and integration of HPV-16 by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The overall anal HPV-infection prevalence was 78% (209/269), 29% (77/269) for HPV-16 infection, and 9% (25/269) for HPV-16 integration. In HPV-16 infected group, the integration prevalence represented 32% (25/77). The only risk factor associated with HPV-16 integration was the time since HIV diagnosis (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3; P = 0.010). The risk factors associated with abnormal cytology results were: HPV infection (OR = 17.8, 95% CI: 6.8-46.6), HPV-16 infection (OR = 4.6, 95% CI: 2.5-8.4), and presence of HPV-16 integrated forms (OR = 11.7, 95% CI: 1.5-93.5). Moreover, in the multivariate analysis, the HPV-16 integration continued representing the most important risk factor (OR = 20, 95% CI: 1.6-226) for anal cytologic abnormalities. CONCLUSION: HPV-16 infection and its integration in anal cells were highly prevalent in HIV-infected men. The assessment of HPV-16 integration rather than HPV-infection could be a good biomarker for predicting anal precancerous lesions in HIV-positive men.

Shot differences between professional (ACB) and amateur (EBA) basketball teams. Multifactorial study

The shot is the game action in which the rest of the players' actions culminate, allowing them to achieve thegoal of the game, to score. In this action several factors intervene which condition its execution. The goal of this study wasto analyze the shot, by executing a multifactorial study of the differences in this technical action between two competitionlevels, professional teams (experts) and amateur teams (inexperienced players). The shots taken during 60 games from twocompetition levels, the ACB league (30 games) and the EBA league (30 games) were studied. A total of 10212 shots werestudied, of which 5161 corresponded to the ACB league (174±13.23) and 5051 corresponded to the EBA league(168±19.54). After an exploratory analysis, an inferential non-parametric analysis to assess whether the two samples ofshots were equivalent was used (Mann-Whitney U).Differences in free-throws between professional and amateur teams were only found in the distribution of the shotsby quarter (U=7.5E+005, p=.025). The field goals taken in the two competitions are different with regard to the defensivepressure that the players receive before shooting (U=6.4E+006 p=.025), the shot value (U=7.1E+006, p=.010), and theaction taken before the shot (U=6.6E+006, p=.000). The expert players (professionals) have a greater command of thegame than the amateurs (inexperienced players), they maintain a higher defensive intensity from the beginning of the game,they are able to find shot positions in which the defensive pressure is less, they use more collective actions to look forbetter shot positions (passes), and they can shoot from greater distances (AU)

Relationship between the pedagogical variables coaching a mini-basketball team

This study arises from the importance of analyzing the coaching process and knowing how to coach in thefirst stages of sports initiation. The purpose of this study was to analyze how a basketball coach establishes teaching thegame phases in youth categories, through the relationship between the pedagogical variables that define each of thecoaching tasks.A total of 452 tasks, organized in 80 training sessions that were planned by a coach of mini-basketball (10-11 yearolds)from the 2004-2005 season were analyzed. After a descriptive analysis of the game phase variable, a non-parametricinferential analysis (chi-square and contingency coefficient) was carried out to study the relationships between the variablesof the study (game phase, game situation, type of content, and content).The results make clear that for the coach that was analyzed, there is a disproportionate amount of work done onphases of offense to the detriment of defensive work. The aspects of the attack that are developed most are those withoutopposition, 1-on-0 (RAS=9.7) and to a lesser degree 1-on-1 (RAS=-10.7), although the opposite happens in the case ofdefensive fundamentals, 1-on-0 (RAS=-5.4) and 1-on-1 (RAS=12.3). A higher proportion of tasks without opposition, 1-on-0, were planned to work on individual offense technique (RAS=15.7), such as shooting.The analysis of the coaching process provides much information when generating sport teaching principles. Theresults have an important practical application, and they facilitate the process of continuing education and reflectionon coaches' actions (AU)

Educational strategies for the acquisition of professional knowledge by youth basketball coaches

The purpose of this study was to identify the educational means that coaches of school-aged children utilizeto acquire their professional knowledge. Youth basketball coaches (n=118) with a heterogeneous education coming fromdifferent educational means participated in the study. Of them, 81.7% were previously basketball players.As a measurement instrument, a modified version of the scale by Feu (2006) was utilized to determine the coach'sprofessional knowledge. The new scale had 21 items distributed in seven dimensions that corresponded to threetheoretical factors. The items were answered with a 5-point Likert scale.The statistical analysis consisted of an exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation and self-values >1 in order todetermine the latent structure of the relationships between the scale's items. Previously, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index andBartlett's sphere test were analyzed. The reliability of the scale and the sub-scales was studied through the Cronbach's Alphacoefficient. The means, standard deviations, and correlations between item and scale as well as item and sub-scale were analyzed.The exploratory factor analysis, after the elimination of five items, and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients demonstrated thatthe scale and sub-scales had some adequate psychometric properties (á>.70). All the items obtained item and sub-scalecorrelations greater than .40. Formal education was the factor that had the greatest acceptance among the coaches(M=21.71±4.63) followed by acquired experiences as a player (M=16.70±5.64), and then the acquired experiences andinnovations as a coach (M=13.45±2.97).The scale that was utilized has adequate validity and reliability to determine how the coach constructs his/herprofessional knowledge (AU)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in pregnant women and mother-to-child transmission of genital HPV genotypes: a prospective study in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Studies on HPV infection in pregnant women and HPV transmission to the child have yielded inconsistent results. METHODS: To estimate mother-to-child HPV transmission we carried out a prospective cohort study that included 66 HPV-positive and 77 HPV-negative pregnant women and their offspring attending a maternity hospital in Barcelona. To estimate HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in pregnancy we also carried out a related screening survey of cervical HPV-DNA detection among 828 pregnant women. Cervical cells from the mother were collected at pregnancy (mean of 31 weeks) and at the 6-week post-partum visit. Exfoliated cells from the mouth and external genitalia of the infants were collected around birth, at the 6-week post-partum visit, and around 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of age. All samples were tested for HPV using PCR. Associations between potential determinants of HPV infection in pregnant women and of HPV positivity in infants were also explored by logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: Overall cervical HPV-DNA detection in pregnant women recruited in the HPV screening survey was 6.5% (54/828). Sexual behavior-related variables, previous histories of genital warts or sexually transmitted infections, and presence of cytological abnormalities were statistically significantly and positively associated with HPV DNA detection in pregnant women recruited in the cohort. At 418 infant visits and a mean follow-up time of 14 months, 19.7% of infants born to HPV-positive mothers and 16.9% of those born to HPV-negative mothers tested HPV positive at some point during infants' follow-up. The most frequently detected genotype both in infants and mothers was HPV-16, after excluding untyped HPV infections. We found a strong and statistically significant association between mother's and child's HPV status at the 6-week post-partum visit. Thus, children of mothers' who were HPV-positive at the post-partum visit were about 5 times more likely to test HPV-positive than children of corresponding HPV-negative mothers (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that the risk of vertical transmission of HPV genotypes is relatively low. HPV persistence in infants is a rare event. These data also indicate that vertical transmission may not be the sole source of HPV infections in infants and provides partial evidence for horizontal mother-to-child HPV transmission.