[Vascular interventional radiology: a fundamental procedure for the management of paediatric trauma]. / Radiología vascular intervencionista: un arma para el tratamiento del niño politraumatizado. Experiencia en un centro de Trauma Pediátrico.

INTRODUCTION: The management of active bleeding with haemodinamic lability in the paediatric trauma patient is difficult and generally leads to damage control surgery. Vascular Interventional Radiology (VIR) techniques are useful for the diagnosis as for the definitive treatment. AIM: The aim of our study was to describe our experience and evaluate effectiveness of VIR in the management of the paediatric trauma patient with active bleeding signs. METHODS: Retrospective analysis (2003-2014) of politraumatic patients who showed contrast blush on computed tomography and then treated by VIR techniques. RESULTS: In the reported study period 16 patients underwent VIR procedures. Medium age was 13 years (5-17). The most frequent lesion mechanism was traffic accident (8 out of 17) and 93,75% were blunt traumas. Findings on initial Computed Tomography were 12 contrast blushes and 2 absences of arterial flow. In 2 cases the contrast blush appeared 48 hours after the accident. Arteriography allowed us to localize the bleeding vessels in all the cases, performing selective or supraselective renal (7), pelvic (5), hepatic (3), splenic (1) and intercostal (1) embolization. One patient required an endoprothesis for renal revascularization. Two cases needed additional surgical procedures (2 nephrectomies) because of complete section of the renal artery (1) and disruption of the ureteropelvic junction (1). One case required hemofiltration in relation to rhabdomyolysis. CONCLUSION: In our experience VIR is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for the management of paediatric trauma patients, with high effectiveness and a low complication rate.

INTRODUCCION: El tratamiento del sangrado activo en niños politraumatizados con labilidad hemodinámica es difícil y generalmente obliga a realizar una cirugía de control de daños. La aplicación de técnicas de Radiología Vascular Intervencionista (RVI) ayuda al diagnóstico y tratamiento definitivo. OBJETIVO: Describir nuestra experiencia y valorar la eficacia de la RVI en el tratamiento del paciente traumático pediátrico con signos de sangrado activo. MATERIAL Y METODO: Análisis retrospectivo (2003-2014) de los pacientes politraumatizados tratados mediante RVI en los cuales la AngioTC mostraba fuga de contraste o ausencia de captación. RESULTADOS: En el periodo de estudio se trataron 16 pacientes, con una media de edad de 13 años (5-17). El mecanismo lesional más frecuente fue el accidente de tráfico. El 93,75% fueron traumatismos cerrados. Los hallazgos de la angioTC inicial fueron 12 sangrados activos, 2 ausencias de flujo arterial. Dos sangrados se produjeron a las 48 horas del trauma. La arteriografía permitió localizar los vasos sangrantes, realizándose embolización selectiva o supraselectiva a nivel renal (7), pélvico (5), hepático (3), esplénico (1) e intercostal (1). Un paciente preciso revascularización renal con endoprótesis. Un paciente requirió nefrectomía urgente tras la angiografía por avulsión arterial completa y en 1 caso se realizó nefrectomía a las 48 horas por fuga de contraste y disrupción de la unión pieloureteral. En un caso se observó rabdomiólisis como complicación que requirió hemofiltración. CONCLUSION: La RVI constituye un procedimiento diagnóstico y terapéutico en el abordaje del paciente pediátrico traumático, con alta efectividad y escasas complicaciones, siendo una herramienta fundamental en un centro de trauma pediátrico.

Radiología vascular intervencionista: un arma para el tratamiento del niño politraumatizado. Experiencia en un centro de Trauma Pediátrico / Vascular interventional radiology: a fundamental procedure for the management of paediatric trauma

Introducción. El tratamiento del sangrado activo en niños politraumatizados con labilidad hemodinámica es difícil y generalmente obliga a realizar una cirugía de control de daños. La aplicación de técnicas de Radiología Vascular Intervencionista (RVI) ayuda al diagnóstico y tratamiento definitivo. Objetivo. Describir nuestra experiencia y valorar la eficacia de la RVI en el tratamiento del paciente traumático pediátrico con signos de sangrado activo. Material y método. Análisis retrospectivo (2003-2014) de los pacientes politraumatizados tratados mediante RVI en los cuales la AngioTC mostraba fuga de contraste o ausencia de captación. Resultados. En el periodo de estudio se trataron 16 pacientes, con una media de edad de 13 años (5-17). El mecanismo lesional más frecuente fue el accidente de tráfico. El 93,75% fueron traumatismos cerrados. Los hallazgos de la angioTC inicial fueron 12 sangrados activos, 2 ausencias de flujo arterial. Dos sangrados se produjeron a las 48 horas del trauma. La arteriografía permitió localizar los vasos sangrantes, realizándose embolización selectiva o supraselectiva a nivel renal (7), pélvico (5), hepático (3), esplénico (1) e intercostal (1). Un paciente preciso revascularización renal con endoprótesis. Un paciente requirió nefrectomía urgente tras la angiografía por avulsión arterial completa y en 1 caso se realizó nefrectomía a las 48 horas por fuga de contraste y disrupción de la unión pieloureteral. En un caso se observó rabdomiólisis como complicación que requirió hemofiltración. Conclusión. La RVI constituye un procedimiento diagnóstico y terapéutico en el abordaje del paciente pediátrico traumático, con alta efectividad y escasas complicaciones, siendo una herramienta fundamental en un centro de trauma pediátrico

Introduction. The management of active bleeding with haemodinamic lability in the paediatric trauma patient is difficult and generally leads to damage control surgery. Vascular Interventional Radiology (VIR) techniques are useful for the diagnosis as for the definitive treatment. Aim. The aim of our study was to describe our experience and evaluate effectiveness of VIR in the management of the paediatric trauma patient with active bleeding signs. Methods. Retrospective analysis (2003-2014) of politraumatic patients who showed contrast blush on computed tomography and then treated by VIR techniques. Results. In the reported study period 16 patients underwent VIR procedures. Medium age was 13 years (5-17). The most frequent lesion mechanism was traffic accident (8 out of 17) and 93,75% were blunt traumas. Findings on initial Computed Tomography were 12 contrast blushes and 2 absences of arterial flow. In 2 cases the contrast blush appeared 48 hours after the accident. Arteriography allowed us to localize the bleeding vessels in all the cases, performing selective or supraselective renal (7), pelvic (5), hepatic (3), splenic (1) and intercostal (1) embolization. One patient required an endoprothesis for renal revascularization. Two cases needed additional surgical procedures (2 nephrectomies) because of complete section of the renal artery (1) and disruption of the ureteropelvic junction (1). One case required hemofiltration in relation to rhabdomyolysis. Conclusion. In our experience VIR is a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for the management of paediatric trauma patients, with high effectiveness and a low complication rate

Traumatismos torácicos y abdominales / Thoracic and abdominal traumas

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[Pneumococcal endocarditis in a previously healthy 17-month-old boy]. / Endocarditis neumocócica en niño de 17 meses previamente sano.

Invasive pneumococcal infection is a severe disease and its incidence may be increasing. Endocarditis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae is uncommon, particularly in children without risk factors. Etiologic diagnosis is difficult when cultures are negative. We report the case of a previously healthy, 17-month-old boy not vaccinated against pneumococcus who, during the course of pneumonia treated with beta-lactam antibiotics, developed cardiorespiratory deterioration and heart murmur. Mitral valve vegetation was identified by transthoracic echocardiography. Endocarditis was diagnosed and new antibiotics were given for 6 weeks (cefotaxime, gentamycin and vancomycin). Cultures were negative. Because of lack of improvement, prosthetic mitral replacement was indicated. S. pneumoniae was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the pathological specimen. Outcome was favorable, and the patient remained symptom-free after 6 months of follow-up. The possibility of endocarditis as an invasive pneumococcal infection should be considered in children without risk factors. PCR is a useful technique to establish the etiology when cultures are negative.

Endocarditis neumocócica en niño de 17 meses previamente sano / Pneumococcal endocarditis in a previously healthy 17-month-old boy

La enfermedad invasora neumocócica es una entidad grave y cuya incidencia parece en aumento. La endocarditis por Streptococcus pneumoniae es infrecuente, particularmente en niños sin factores de riesgo. Su caracterización etiológica resulta difícil ante cultivos negativos. Se presenta un niño de 17 meses, previamente sano, no vacunado frente a neumococo. Durante una neumonía tratada con betalactámicos aparecen deterioro cardiorrespiratorio progresivo y soplo cardíaco. La ecocardiografía transtorácica muestra una vegetación mitral. Se diagnostica endocarditis y se adecua la antibioterapia (cefotaxima, gentamicina y vancomicina, mantenidas 6 semanas). Los cultivos resultan negativos. Ante la no mejoría se interviene, colocándose una prótesis. En la válvula resecada, mediante técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR), se identifica S. pneumoniae. La evolución es buena, permaneciendo asintomático a los 6 meses de seguimiento. Debe considerarse la posibilidad de endocarditis como forma invasora de infección neumocócica en niños sin factores de riesgo, y la utilidad de la PCR para establecer su etiología ante cultivos negativos

Invasive pneumococcal infection is a severe disease and its incidence may be increasing. Endocarditis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae is uncommon, particularly in children without risk factors. Etiologic diagnosis is difficult when cultures are negative. We report the case of a previously healthy, 17-month-old boy not vaccinated against pneumococcus who, during the course of pneumonia treated with beta-lactam antibiotics, developed cardiorespiratory deterioration and heart murmur. Mitral valve vegetation was identified by transthoracic echocardiography. Endocarditis was diagnosed and new antibiotics were given for 6 weeks (cefotaxime, gentamycin and vancomycin). Cultures were negative. Because of lack of improvement, prosthetic mitral replacement was indicated. S. pneumoniae was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the pathological specimen. Outcome was favorable, and the patient remained symptom-free after 6 months of follow-up. The possibility of endocarditis as an invasive pneumococcal infection should be considered in children without risk factors. PCR is a useful technique to establish the etiology when cultures are negative

Asistencia inicial al traumatismo pediátrico y reanimación cardiopulmonar / Initial pediatric trauma care and cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Los accidentes son la causa más frecuente de muerte en niños por encima del año de edad. Las causas más importantes de muerte por accidente son los accidentes de tráfico, el ahogamiento, las lesiones intencionadas, las quemaduras y las caídas. La reanimación cardiopulmonar es una parte más del conjunto de acciones de estabilización inicial en un niño con traumatismo. La parada cardiorrespiratoria en los primeros minutos después del accidente, ocurre generalmente por obstrucción de la vía aérea o mala ventilación, pérdida masiva de sangre o lesión cerebral grave, y tiene muy mal pronóstico. La parada en las horas siguientes al traumatismo está generalmente producida por hipoxia, hipovolemia, hipotermia, hipertensión intracraneal o alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas. La primera respuesta ante el traumatismo, tiene tres componentes: proteger (valoración del escenario y establecimiento de medidas de seguridad), alarmar (activación del sistema de emergencias) y socorrer (atención inicial al traumatismo). La atención inicial al traumatismo se divide en reconocimiento primario y secundario. El reconocimiento primario incluye los siguientes pasos secuenciales: A. control cervical, alerta y vía aérea; B: respiración; C: circulación y control de la hemorragia; D: disfunción neurológica, y E: exposición. El reconocimiento secundario consiste en la evaluación del accidentado mediante la anamnesis, exploración física ordenada desde la cabeza a las extremidades y práctica de exámenes complementarios. Durante la atención al traumatismo se pueden precisar algunas maniobras específicas que no suelen ser necesarias en otras situaciones de emergencia como son maniobras de extracción y movilización, control cervical mediante inmovilización cervical bimanual y colocación del collarín cervical y retirada del casco. Si durante la asistencia inicial al traumatismo ocurre una parada cardiorrespiratoria las maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar se realizarán de forma inmediata adaptándose a las características específicas del niño traumatizado

Accidents are a frequent cause of death in children older than 1 year. The most frequent causes of death by accident are traffic accidents, drowning, intentional injuries, burns, and falls. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is one component of the set of actions needed to obtain initial stabilization of a child with serious trauma. In the first few minutes after the accident, cardiorespiratory arrest can occur due to airway obstruction or inadequate ventilation, massive blood loss or severe brain damage; cardiorespiratory arrest in this setting has a dismal outcome. When arrest occurs hours after trauma, it is usually caused by hypoxia, hypovolemia, hypothermia, intracranial hypertension, or electrolyte disturbances. The first response to trauma should include three objectives: to protect (scenario assessment and implementation of safety measures), to alert (activation of the emergency medical system) and to help (initial trauma care). Initial trauma care includes primary and secondary surveys. The primary survey involves several consecutive steps: A. airway and cervical spine stabilization, B. breathing, C. circulation and hemorrhage control, D. neurological dysfunction, and E. exposure. The secondary survey consists of assessment of the victim by means of anamnesis, sequential physical examination (from head to limbs) and complementary investigations. During emergency trauma care, specific procedures such as extrication and mobilization maneuvers, cervical spine control by means of bimanual immobilization, and cervical collar placement or helmet removal. If a cardiorespiratory arrest occurs during initial trauma care, resuscitation maneuvers must be immediately started with the specific adaptations indicated in children with trauma

[Initial pediatric trauma care and cardiopulmonary resuscitation]. / Asistencia inicial al traumatismo pediátrico y reanimación cardiopulmonar.

Accidents are a frequent cause of death in children older than 1 year. The most frequent causes of death by accident are traffic accidents, drowning, intentional injuries, burns, and falls. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is one component of the set of actions needed to obtain initial stabilization of a child with serious trauma. In the first few minutes after the accident, cardiorespiratory arrest can occur due to airway obstruction or inadequate ventilation, massive blood loss or severe brain damage; cardiorespiratory arrest in this setting has a dismal outcome. When arrest occurs hours after trauma, it is usually caused by hypoxia, hypovolemia, hypothermia, intracranial hypertension, or electrolyte disturbances. The first response to trauma should include three objectives: to protect (scenario assessment and implementation of safety measures), to alert (activation of the emergency medical system) and to help (initial trauma care). Initial trauma care includes primary and secondary surveys. The primary survey involves several consecutive steps: A. airway and cervical spine stabilization, B. breathing, C. circulation and hemorrhage control, D. neurological dysfunction, and E. exposure. The secondary survey consists of assessment of the victim by means of anamnesis, sequential physical examination (from head to limbs) and complementary investigations. During emergency trauma care, specific procedures such as extrication and mobilization maneuvers, cervical spine control by means of bimanual immobilization, and cervical collar placement or helmet removal. If a cardiorespiratory arrest occurs during initial trauma care, resuscitation maneuvers must be immediately started with the specific adaptations indicated in children with trauma.