ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease in preclinical studies. Direct evidence that this risk extends to humans is lacking. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter, observational study involving patients who were undergoing carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery disease. The excised carotid plaque specimens were analyzed for the presence of MNPs with the use of pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, stable isotope analysis, and electron microscopy. Inflammatory biomarkers were assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemical assay. The primary end point was a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from any cause among patients who had evidence of MNPs in plaque as compared with patients with plaque that showed no evidence of MNPs. RESULTS: A total of 304 patients were enrolled in the study, and 257 completed a mean (±SD) follow-up of 33.7±6.9 months. Polyethylene was detected in carotid artery plaque of 150 patients (58.4%), with a mean level of 21.7±24.5 µg per milligram of plaque; 31 patients (12.1%) also had measurable amounts of polyvinyl chloride, with a mean level of 5.2±2.4 µg per milligram of plaque. Electron microscopy revealed visible, jagged-edged foreign particles among plaque macrophages and scattered in the external debris. Radiographic examination showed that some of these particles included chlorine. Patients in whom MNPs were detected within the atheroma were at higher risk for a primary end-point event than those in whom these substances were not detected (hazard ratio, 4.53; 95% confidence interval, 2.00 to 10.27; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, patients with carotid artery plaque in which MNPs were detected had a higher risk of a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from any cause at 34 months of follow-up than those in whom MNPs were not detected. (Funded by Programmi di Ricerca Scientifica di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05900947.).
Subject(s)
Carotid Artery Diseases , Microplastics , Plaque, Atherosclerotic , Humans , Carotid Stenosis/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Stenosis/etiology , Carotid Stenosis/pathology , Microplastics/adverse effects , Myocardial Infarction/etiology , Myocardial Infarction/mortality , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/chemistry , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/mortality , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology , Plastics/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Stroke/etiology , Stroke/mortality , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Endarterectomy, Carotid , Carotid Artery Diseases/etiology , Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology , Carotid Artery Diseases/surgery , Follow-Up StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Yucatán, located in the southern region of Mexico, is the state with the country's highest prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes. Because of its particular cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, the residents of Yucatán face unique health-care challenges. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of peer support added to a diabetes education program on glycemic control and diabetes-related quality of life when compared with a conventional diabetes education program in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Mayan community in Mexico. METHODS: In March 2015, a total of 58 participants with a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who were recruited from community health centres in Komchén were randomly assigned in equal numbers to 1 of 2 groups: 1) a peer support and diabetes self-management education group (PSEG) or 2) a conventional diabetes self-management education-only group. The primary outcomes of interest were glycated hemoglobin (A1C) values and diabetes-related quality of life. The majority of subjects were bilingual (Mayan and Spanish speakers), female and middle aged, and had a low level of formal education and high baseline A1C (mean, 8.7%). RESULTS: Whereas both groups showed significant improvements from baseline to study end in absolute levels of A1C, the PSEG group had a more pronounced clinical improvement, but no statistical improvement, in A1C compared with the conventional diabetes self-management education-only group. PSEG participants exhibited statistically significant improvement in diabetes-related quality of life at 8 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the benefits of peer-support education above and beyond the impact of diabetes self-management education on diabetes-related quality of life in an underserved Mayan community in Mexico.
