Case Report: Atypical acute compartment syndrome of the forearm in a child following minor trauma with consecutive osteomyelitis.

Introduction: Forearm compartment syndrome (CS) in children is above all a clinical diagnosis whose main cause is traumatic. However, rarer causes such as infection can alter its clinical presentation. Clinical case: An 8-year-old boy has been seen in the emergency department complaining of severe forearm pain under a splint in a mild traumatic context. The previous radiological imaging examination three days before had not revealed any fractures. On admission, he presented with major signs of skin inflammation, loss of mobility, paresthesia and a significant biological inflammatory syndrome. The acute CS diagnosis has been made and was treated, but its atypical presentation raised a series of etiological hypotheses, in particular infectious, even if it remains rare. Complementary imaging examinations confirmed the presence of osteomyelitis of the distal radius as well as an occult Salter-Harris II fracture. Discussion: Beyond the classic "five P's of CS" -pain, paresthesia, paralysis, pallor and pulselessness-, CS's clinical presentations are multiple, especially in pediatric patients. In children, severe pain and increasing analgesic requirement must be indicators of a CS. We hypothesize that this patient sustained a nondisplaced Salter-Harris II fracture with a hematoma colonized by hematogenous osteomyelitis explaining its initial clinical presentation. Conclusion: Hematogenous osteomyelitis complicated by CS is rare and may be accompanied by a traumatic history. It's atypical presentation in pediatric patients requires vigilance and prompt diagnosis given the disastrous and irreversible complications.

Risk of osteoporotic fracture and refracture: the importance of index fracture site.

The current study shows that patients aged 50 or more who have sustained an osteoporotic fracture have a significant risk of suffering a new fracture. Refracture risk is also increased when anatomic site of both index and subsequent fracture are the same. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the profile of a patient sustaining a fragility fracture, the influence of the initial or index fracture on subsequent fracture risk and the role that anatomic site of index and subsequent fracture play on fracture risk. METHODS: In this retrospective observational cohort study, individuals aged ≥ 50 years who sustained at least one clinical fragility fracture were identified from the public health service register between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2015. Two separate analysis cohorts were identified. Group 1 (index FF) included patients that sustained at least one clinical fragility fracture during the study period. Group 2 (subsequent FF) included those patients from group 1 who sustained at least one clinical subsequent fracture during the following 2 years after index fracture. RESULTS: A total of 11,986 fractures constituted group 1 (index FF), and 792 constituted group 2 (subsequent FF). The incidence of subsequent fractures was 6.61%, with a major percentage of them (36.99%) identified within the first 6 months following index FF. Hip was the most frequent site for index (30.09%) and subsequent fracture (34.85%). We found an increased risk mainly when anatomic site of index and subsequent FF are the same. CONCLUSIONS: Sustaining a subsequent fracture after an index fracture is a common event in the population over age 50, more commonly occurring within 6 months of index fracture. Analysis of fracture site correlation shows that refracture risk is increased mainly when index and subsequent fracture site are the same.

Rehabilitación del sector anterosuperior mediante protocolo digital / Rehabilitation of the anterior-superior sector using digital protocol

Presentamos un caso clínico en el que todos los pasos y etapas (Diagnóstico, planificación, cirugía de inserción de implantes y rehabilitación prostodóncica) han sido realizados mediante recursos digitales (CBCT, impresión digital, escáner facial, planificación prostodóncica, cirugía guiada, carga inmediata, prótesis definitiva). La precisión del tratamiento y la predictibilidad del mismo, superan a la técnica habitual, si bien es preciso un entrenamiento previo para poder utilizar al máximo estos recursos. (AU)

We present a clinical case in which all the steps and stages (diagnosis, planning, implant insertion surgery, and prosthodontic rehabilitation) have been performed using digital resources (CBCT, digital impressions, facial scanning, prosthodontic planning, guided surgery, immediate loading, definitive prosthesis). The accuracy and predictability of the treatment surpass the traditional technique, although prior training is necessary to make the most of these resources. (AU)

Simplified risk-prediction for benchmarking and quality improvement in emergency general surgery. Prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Emergency General Surgery (EGS) conditions account for millions of deaths worldwide, yet it is practiced without benchmarking-based quality improvement programs. The aim of this observational, prospective, multicenter, nationwide study was to determine the best benchmark cutoff points in EGS, as a reference to guide improvement measures. METHODS: Over a 6-month period, 38 centers (5% of all public hospitals) attending EGS patients on a 24-h, 7-days a week basis, enrolled consecutive patients requiring an emergent/urgent surgical procedure. Patients were stratified into cohorts of low (i.e., expected morbidity risk <33%), middle and high risk using the novel m-LUCENTUM calculator. RESULTS: A total of 7258 patients were included; age (mean ± SD) was 51.1 ± 21.5 years, 43.2% were female. Benchmark cutoffs in the low-risk cohort (5639 patients, 77.7% of total) were: use of laparoscopy ≥40.9%, length of hospital stays ≤3 days, any complication within 30 days ≤ 17.7%, and 30-day mortality ≤1.1%. The variables with the greatest impact were septicemia on length of hospital stay (21 days; adjusted beta coefficient 16.8; 95% CI: 15.3 to 18.3; P < .001), and respiratory failure on mortality (risk-adjusted population attributable fraction 44.6%, 95% CI 29.6 to 59.6, P < .001). Use of laparoscopy (odds ratio 0.764, 95% CI 0.678 to 0.861; P < .001), and intraoperative blood loss (101-500 mL: odds ratio 2.699, 95% CI 2.152 to 3.380; P < .001; and 500-1000 mL: odds ratio 2.875, 95% CI 1.403 to 5.858; P = .013) were associated with increased morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers, for the first time, clinically-based benchmark values in EGS and identifies measures for improvement.

Sequence analysis and confirmation of the type IV pili-associated proteins PilY1, PilW and PilV in Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is an acidophilic chemolithoautotrophic bacterium widely used in the mining industry due to its metabolic sulfur-oxidizing capability. The biooxidation of sulfide minerals is enhanced through the attachment of At. thiooxidans cells to the mineral surface. The Type IV pili (TfP) of At. thiooxidans may play an important role in the bacteria attachment since TfP play a key adhesive role in the attachment and colonization of different surfaces. In this work, we report for the first time the mRNA sequence of three TfP proteins from At. thiooxidans, the adhesin protein PilY1 and the TfP pilins PilW and PilV. The nucleotide sequences of these TfP proteins show changes in some nucleotide positions with respect to the corresponding annotated sequences. The bioinformatic analyses and 3D-modeling of protein structures sustain their classification as TfP proteins, as structural homologs of the corresponding proteins of Ps. aeruginosa, results that sustain the role of PilY1, PilW and PilV in pili assembly. Also, that PilY1 comprises the conserved Neisseria-PilC (superfamily) domain of the tip-associated adhesin, while PilW of the superfamily of putative TfP assembly proteins and PilV belongs to the superfamily of TfP assembly protein. In addition, the analyses suggested the presence of specific functional domains involved in adhesion, energy transduction and signaling functions. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PilY1 of Acidithiobacillus genus forms a cohesive group linked with iron- and/or sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms from acid mine drainage or mine tailings.

[74-year-old man with a complex acromio-clavicular disjunction]. / Luxation acromio-claviculaire complexe chez un patient de 74 ans.

Acromioclavicular dislocation is a frequent pathology commonly encountered in traumatology. Therefore, its management is generally standardized, guided by clinical and radiological evaluation. This can range from conservative treatment by limb immobilization and functional rehabilitation, to surgical treatment by using minimally invasive techniques. We present the particular case of a 74-year-old patient with an acromioclavicular dislocation associated with a non-displaced fracture of the coracoid process as well as of the spine of the scapula. This article aims to describe the diagnostic traps as well as discuss the treatment options for this complex presentation.

La luxation acromio-claviculaire est une pathologie fréquemment rencontrée lors de la pratique courante en traumatologie. Par conséquent, sa prise en charge est généralement standardisée, guidée par l'évaluation clinique et radiologique. Celle-ci peut aller du traitement conservateur par immobilisation du membre et rééducation fonctionnelle, au traitement chirurgical pouvant se faire désormais selon des techniques mini-invasives. Nous présentons le cas particulier d'un patient de 74 ans présentant une luxation acromio-claviculaire associée à une fracture non-déplacée du processus coracoïde ainsi que de l'épine de la scapula. Cet article a pour but de décrire les pièges diagnostiques, ainsi que de discuter des options thérapeutiques concernant cette présentation complexe.

[Interest of non invasive navigation in total knee arthroplasty]. / Intérêt de la navigation non invasive dans l'arthroplastie totale de genou.

During surgery of total knee arthroplasty, we use a computerized non invasive navigation (Brainlab Victor Vision CT-free) to assess the accuracy of the bone cuts (navigation expresse). The purpose of this study is to evaluate non invasive navigation when a total knee arthroplasty is achieved by conventional instrumentation. The study is based on forty total knee arthroplasties. The accuracy of the tibial and distal femoral bone cuts, checked by non invasive navigation, is evaluated prospectively. In our clinical series, we have obtained, with the conventional instrumentation, a correction of the mechanical axis only in 90 % of cases (N = 36). With non invasive navigation, we improved the positioning of implants and obtained in all cases the desired axiometry in the frontal plane. Although operative time is increased by about 15 minutes, the non invasive navigation does not induce intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications. Despite the cost of this technology, we believe that the reliability of the procedure is enhanced by a simple and reproducible technique.

Coastal exposure to oil spill impacts from the Finisterre Traffic Separation Scheme.

This study analyzes the coastal exposure to potential oil spills coming from the various corridors that constitute the Finisterre Traffic Separation Scheme (NW Iberia). A Lagrangian model was executed with results from a realistic configuration of an ocean model during 2012, validated here against High-Frequency (HF) radar-derived surface currents. Virtual particles were released each hour and followed during the next 4 days. A series of maps summarize which regions would be impacted and when. We have learnt, for example, that Cape Finisterre is the most affected area under a wide range of scenarios and that a sensitive area such as the National Park of the Atlantic Islands would require protective actions in less than 24 h if oil spills from the south eventually occurred. A complete analysis by corridor and during specific wind events is available through a web tool, which could be useful for decision makers in case of contingency.

Afalia: diagnóstico inesperado en un recién nacido con retraso de crecimiento intrauterino / Aphallia: striking diagnosis in intrauterine growth retardation

La afalia es una es una anomalía extremadamente rara, cuya incidencia es de 1 por cada 30 millones de recién nacidos vivos. Hasta la actualidad se han descrito menos de 100 casos en la literatura médica. Se describe un caso de afalia asociado a cardiopatía congénita de diagnóstico posnatal en un recién nacido con retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, sin otro hallazgo prenatal. Se decidió una reasignación de sexo masculino. En el estudio cromosómico se determinó un cariotipo 46XY. No se describieron otras anomalías asociadas (AU)

Aphallia is a really uncommon anomaly occurring in 1 per 30 million births. At this time, less than 100 cases have been reported worldwide. Herein, we describe a case of aphallia associated with congenital heart disease in a fetus with intrauterine growth retardation. No other congenital anomalies were detected. Karyotype was 46XY. Gender assignment has been to male (AU)

Accidente cerebrovascular en el recién nacido a término / Cerebral stroke in the term newborn

Los accidentes cerebrovasculares (ACV) constituyen una patología relativamente frecuente en el periodo perinatal. Últimamente, los factores protrombóticos están adquiriendo especial protagonismo como favorecedores de los ACV, y pueden presentarse hasta en el 68% de los casos. La ecografía cerebral constituye la primera prueba de imagen diagnóstica, y la resonancia magnética (RM) es la prueba de elección. Se realiza una revisión de la casuística en un hospital de tercer nivel y se presentan los 2 casos de ACV neonatal en los que se constató una trombofilia hereditaria. De los 7 casos de ACV neonatal encontrados durante el periodo 2006-2011, sólo el 28% presentaba anomalías focales en el estudio ecográfico inicial, confirmándose posteriormente una lesión hemorrágica por RM craneal. Todos los ACV isquémicos presentaron ecografías cerebrales iniciales normales. Por ello, se destaca la conveniencia de realizar una RM craneal en todo neonato con sintomatología-semiología neurológica focal, aun cuando la ecografía inicial no muestre alteraciones. Asimismo, ante la sospecha de una etiología vascular se debe descartar la existencia de anomalías protrombóticas (AU)

Cerebral stroke (CS) is a relatively common pathology in the perinatal period. Recently, prothrombotic factors are acquiring special protagonism and can be present in up to 68% of cases. Cranial sonography is the first diagnostic option, but the MRI is the gold standard technique. We carry out a review of casuistry in a third level hospital and we present two cases of perinatal stroke where it was found hereditary thrombophilia. Only 28% showed focal injuries in first ultrasound study, subsequently confirming hemorrhagic lesion by cranial MRI. All ischemic CS presented normal initial cranial ultrasound. For this reason, we would like to emphasise the desirability of realization of cranial MRI in neonates with focal neurological symptoms or signs, even when the first cranial ultrasound does not show alterations. In the same way, when vascular ethiology is suspected, a screening of prothrombotic factors should be studied (AU)

Incidence of bacteria of public health interest carried by cockroaches in different food-related environments.

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of bacteria of public health interest transmitted by cockroaches in different food-related environments. From April to November, cockroaches were trapped in 11 buildings in different urban areas of Western Andalusia (Spain): three hotels, four grocery stores, a catering establishment, a food-industry plant, a health center, and a care home. The presence of a number of bacterial species, including Salmonella, in these food-related environments was confirmed; these species included microorganisms listed in European Union regulations, such as Salmonella spp., Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.), and Escherichia coli. A wide variety of species were isolated, some belonging to different genera that have a significant impact on public health and hygiene, such as Enterobacter and Klebsiella. To ensure adequate elimination of these microorganisms in food-related environments, the control of vectors such as Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and Blatta orientalis, together with a thorough review of hygiene strategies, appears to be fundamental. It is clearly essential to compare the results of hygiene regulations implemented in food-related environments.

Hipercalcemia secundaria a una necrosis grasa subcutánea / Secondary hypercalcemia after subcutaneous fat necrosis

La necrosis grasa subcutánea (NGS) es una paniculitis autolimitada, que aparece generalmente en las primeras 4 semanas de vida, en recién nacidos a término con antecedentes de asfixia perinatal. Su evolución es favorable. El pronóstico es generalmente bueno, con regresión completa. Sin embargo, pueden surgir complicaciones, como la hipercalcemia, que incluso puede aparecer hasta 6 meses después del cuadro cutáneo, y es potencialmente mortal. Presentamos el caso de un neonato con antecedente de asfixia perinatal, lesiones compatibles con NGS e hipercalcemia clínica tardía (AU)

The subcutaneous fat necrosis in the newborn baby is a self limitingpanniculitis that usually occurs in full-term infants as a consequence of perinatal asphyxia. This type of panniculitis appears in the first 4 weeks of life. The prognosis is usually good with complete regression. Despite of that, potentially life-threatening complications as hypercalcemia can arise even 6 months after the skin lesions appear. We present a newborn baby with a history of perinatal asphyxia, typical skin lesions and late clinical hypercalcemia (AU)

La biopsia del ganglio centinela de la cadena mamaria interna en el manejo del cáncer infiltrante de mama / No disponible

El estado de los ganglios axilares es un elemento pronóstico importante en el cáncer infiltrante de mama. La linfadenectomía axilar ha sido sustituida por la biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela para la estadificación del cáncer de mama. La cadena mamaria interna es la segunda estación de drenaje de la mama y su afectación metastásica influye negativamente en el pronóstico. La biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela de la mamaria interna es un procedimiento controvertido en el cáncer de mama. La controversia se relaciona con la técnica de medicina nuclear empleada, la seguridad del procedimiento quirúrgico y las consecuencias derivadas para las pacientes. Pensamos que dicha biopsia se debe considerar en la práctica clínica de las unidades especializadas en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama, para una correcta estadificación. Nos permite además seleccionar a las pacientes con metástasis en la cadena mamaria interna y adaptar el tratamiento adyuvante de un modo más eficaz. Es un procedimiento multidisciplinar, asequible después de un periodo de aprendizaje, con escasa morbilidad y de poca relevancia. Son fundamentales el buen juicio clínico y la individualización de los pacientes para establecer una adecuada relación riesgo/beneficio del procedimiento. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos y multicéntricos para poder aclarar los aspectos de controversia(AU)

The axillary lymph node status is still considered an important prognosis factor in infiltrating breast cancer. The sentinel lymph node biopsy proves to be an efficient option to the axillary lymphadenectomy for the purpose of staging, having less morbidity and a similar diagnostic precision. The internal mammary chain represents a second regional basin of lymph drainage from the breast and its metastatic involvement is associated with a less favourable prognosis. Sentinel node biopsy of the internal mammary chain is a controversial procedure and most centers do not perform it. Controversial points are the lymphoscintigraphy technique, security of the surgical procedure and the practical consequences derived to the patients. We believe that we should consider the sentinel node biopsy of the internal mammary on a clinical practice in units specialized on breast cancer for a correct staging. It is a feasible technique after a learning period and has a low rate of complications. It allows us to select positive internal mammary patients and to adjust the adjuvant treatments more effectively. A good clinical judgement and the individualization of the risk-benefit relation should be a priority. Prospective multicenter studies are necessary if we want to resolve the controversial aspects(AU)

[Risk factors involved in the need for blood transfusion in very low birth weight newborns treated with erythropoietin]. / Factores de riesgo implicados en la necesidad de transfusión sanguínea en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso tratados con eritropoyetina.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify risk factors related to red blood cell transfusion in premature babies weighing<1,500g who received erythropoietin (EPO). Secondly, to assess the relationship between retinopathy of prematurity and rh-EPO. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective descriptive study of infants admitted to the Reina Sofía University Hospital between January 2006 and March 2009. Infants reviewed had a birth weight<1,500g and gestational age<32 weeks. Infants were administered rh-EPO 750IU/kg/week subcutaneously 3 days/week/ 6 weeks. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regressions with PASW Statistics 18 for Windows. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 110 infants, with a mean birth weight of 1154grs and mean gestational age of 29.3 weeks. Risk factors (OR; 95% CI) for being transfused were: male sex (4.41; 1.24-15.66), GA (1.64; 1.14-2.36, 1 week), Hb level on admission (1.45; 1.04-2.04; 1g/dl), late onset sepsis (7.75; 2.21-21.11), late onset treatment with rh-EPO (6.27; 1.22-32.35). All surgically treated infants with patent ductus arteriosus ligation or necrotizing enterocolitis needed transfusion. There is no relationship between rh-EPO administration and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), but there was a relationship with transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Premature infants with the lower gestational age, being male, a lower Hb level on admission and late onset sepsis are those with the greatest risk for blood transfusion.

Efectividad de palivizumab en la prevención de la infección por el virus respiratorio sincitial en prematuros de 32' a 35º semanas de gestación en España / Effectiveness of palivizumab to prevent hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection in preterm infants 32' to 35º weeks’ gestation in Spain

Objetivo: Se pretende evaluar la efectividad de palivizumab para prevenir ingresos por el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) cuando es administrado a ex prematuros de 321 a 350 semanas de gestación, con menos de 6 meses de edad al inicio de la estación VRS y que presenten alguna de las combinaciones de factores de riesgo de ingreso por VRS. Pacientes y métodos: Se ha utilizado la base de datos del estudio FLIP-2, excluyendo los niños sin ningún factor de riesgo. Se estudió a 627 niños tratados con palivizumab y 4.092 que no lo recibieron. Las agrupaciones de factores de riesgo combinaron dos «factores mayores» (edad cronológica inferior a 10 semanas al inicio de la estación o haber nacido en las 10primeras semanas de la estación; hermano mayor que fuera a la escuela o asistencia a la guardería) y dos «factores menores» (gestante fumadora; sexo varón). Se han calculado los diferentes riesgos absoluto y relativo y el número de pacientes que es necesario tratar (NNT) para cada combinación de factores de riesgo. Resultados: En cada combinación se encuentra un menor peso y una menor edad gestacional altamente significativos (p <0,001) en los niños tratados con palivizumab. En la combinación«2 factores mayores» se encuentra el menor NNT (13,5), y si se añade la combinación «1 factor mayor + 2 factores menores», el NNT alcanza un valor de 15,1. La combinación que sólo exige la presencia de un factor mayor o menor corresponde al estudio global. Ingresaron 186 (4,55%) no tratados con palivizumab y 9 (1,44%) de los tratados (p <0,001; NNT= 32,2). Conclusiones: En los ex prematuros de 321 a 350 semanas, con una edad cronológica inferior a 10 semanas al inicio de la estación VRS o que hayan nacido en las 10 primeras semanas de la estación, y con un hermano mayor que vaya a la escuela o asista a la guardería, para prevenir un ingreso VRS habría que administrar palivizumab a 14 de ellos (AU)

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of palivizumab to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection when administered to former preterm infants321 to 350 weeks’ gestation aged less than 6 months at the beginning of RSV season using any of the possible combinations of known risk factors for RSV hospitalization. Patients and methods: Data were retrieved from the FLIP-2study database. Infants without risk factors were excluded. The database included 627 infants who received palivizumab and 4,092 who did not. Seven accumulative subgroups were established according to the combinations of risk factors combining two “major factors” (chronological age less than10 weeks at the beginning of RSV season or being born during the first10 weeks of the season; school-age siblings or daycare attendance)and two “minor factors” (mother smoking during pregnancy; male gender). Absolute risk, relative risk, and number needed to treat (NNT) were obtained for each subgroup. Results: In each subgroup, birth weight and gestational age were significantly lower in palivizumab treated infants. The combination “2 major factors” showed a NNT of [13.5], and when merged with “1 major factor or 2 minor factors” the NNT reached 15.1. Combination requesting only one risk factor either major or minor corresponded by design to the global study.186 patients of the treated group (4.55%) and 9 patients of the non-treated group (1.44%) were admitted to the hospital, of the treated (p <0.001; NNT of 32.2).Conclusion: In former preterm infants 321 to 350 weeks’ gestation with chronological age less than10 weeks at the beginning of RSV season (or being born during the first 10 weeks of the season) and with school-age siblings or daycare attendance,14 should be treated with palivizumab to prevent one RSV hospitalization (AU)

Informática en Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias: Gestión de la información y aplicaciones en el siglo XXI / Emergency Medicine Informatics: Information Management and Applications

La informática en Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (IMUE) es la recogida, gestión, procesamiento y aplicación de los datos de la atención prestada a los pacientes urgentes, así como los datos operativos. La IMUE está transformando y mejorando nuestros sistemas de atención prehospitalaria y las intervenciones de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios(SUH). Es fundamental para la vigilancia de la salud pública, y nos permitirá ampliarla investigación clínica en las instituciones, regiones y naciones. La IMUE es una de nuestras herramientas más importantes para mejorar la atención de emergencias y repercutirá positivamente en la salud de la población. Para la atención prehospitalaria, los sistemas IMUE proporcionan información para analizar la relación coste-eficacia de las intervenciones clínicas, para organizar las operaciones del servicio médico de emergencias (SME),para coordinar la comunicación en las solicitudes de servicio, vigilar el control de calidad y las necesidades educativas, y para el seguimiento de la evolución de los pacientes. La práctica de la Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias en el SUH requiere la captura de muchos datos y elementos temporales para que la atención del SUH sea eficiente. Los módulos IMUE apoyan el seguimiento y la precisión del triaje, el seguimiento del paciente, el control de médicos y enfermeros, la decisión clínica, el orden de entrada, las instrucciones de alta y la generación de prescripciones. Debe haber coordinación del IMUE con el hospital, laboratorio y los sistemas de información del servicio de radiología, así como con los registros sobre acceso al hospital y a las clínicas ambulatorias. La información clínica se debe agregar a una base de datos del SUH que luego se puede utilizar para (..) (AU)

Emergency Medicine Informatics (EMI) is the collection, management, processing, and application of emergency patient care and operational data. EMI is transforming and improving our prehospital care systems and emergency department(ED) operations, is critical for public health surveillance, and will enable us to expand clinical research in our institutions, regions, and nations. EMI is one of our most important tools for improving emergency care and positively impacting the health of the public. For prehospital care, EMI systems provide information to analyze the cost-effectiveness of clinical interventions, to organize EMS operations, to coordinate communication for service requests, to monitor quality control and educational needs, and to track patient outcomes. The practice of emergency medicine in the ED requires the capture of many data and time elements so that ED care is efficient. EMI modules support triage acuity and tracking, patient tracking, nurse and physician charting, clinical decision support, order entry, and discharge instructions and prescription generation. There must be coordination of the EMI with hospital, laboratory, and radiology reporting systems, and access to hospital and ambulatory clinic records. Clinical information should be aggregated into an ED Database which can then be used for clinical investigation. The cooperation and support of the hospital information services department, hospital administration, emergency medicine physicians, and emergency medicine researchers, is necessary so that the ED database will be well constructed, and most importantly, well used to improve patient care. Because the information from (..) (AU)

[Usefulness of Clinical Risk Index for Babies based on birth weight in predicting hospital death and severe intraventicular hemorrhage in the SEN 1500 Spanish neonatal network]. / Análisis de la utilidad del Clinical Risk Index for Babies por estratos de peso como predictor de muerte hospitalaria y de hemorragia intraventricular grave en la Red Neonatal Española SEN 1500.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of the Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) in predicting hospital mortality and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very low birth weight infants stratified by weight groups, in the Spanish neonatal network SEN 1500. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was made. Morbidity-mortality data and CRIB were collected in newborns weighing below 1500 g and admitted to 68 neonatal intensive care units between January 2002 and December 2006. Data were analyzed globally and stratified by weight groups (< 501 g, 500-750 g, 751-1000 g, 1001-1250 g, 1251-1500 g). Multivariate models were generated and ROC curves were plotted for estimating predictive values. RESULTS: A total of 10,608 patients were analyzed. The mean weight was 1116 g (SD 267), and gestational age 29.5 weeks (SD 2.9). Low birth weight for gestational age was 34.3% and the multiple birth rate 36%. Prenatal corticoids were given in 78.2%. Severe intraventricular hemorrhage was diagnosed in 8.5%. Gender, prenatal corticoids, birth weight, gestational age and CRIB proved significant for the outcomes. CRIB showed the highest predictive accuracy in all strata (P < 0.001) except in the 501-750 g group, where it was similar to gestational age. Body weight showed the lowest AUC in all groups, except in the 1251-1500 g group, where it was no different to gestational age. Gestational age and CRIB yielded greater AUC values than weight (P < 0.001) in all groups. No significant differences were found between CRIB and gestational age, except in the 751-1000 g group, where gestational age was greater (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: The CRIB is the best predictor among newborns below 1500 g, except in the 501-750 g group, where CRIB is similar to gestational age. Body weight is the worst predictor, except in the group 1251-1500 g, where it is similar to gestational age. The accuracies of CRIB and gestational age in the prediction of IVH are similar, and both superior to body weight. This similarity persists in all the groups, except in the 751-1000 g interval, where gestational age is a better predictor.

Utilidad predictiva de ingreso por infección por virus respiratorio sincitial de diferentes asociaciones de factores de riesgo en prematuros de 32 a 35 semanas de gestación en España / Usefulness of different risk factor associations in predicting admissions due to respiratory syncytial virus in premature newborns of 32 to 35 weeks gestation in Spain

Introducción: Se pretende evaluar los valores predictivos de ingreso por el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) de diferentes asociaciones de factores de riesgo en prematuros españoles de 32 a 35 semanas de gestación atendidos en 2 estaciones de VRS consecutivas. Pacientes y métodos: Se utilizó la base de datos del estudio FLIP-2. Se excluyó a los niños que recibieron palivizumab profiláctico. Se estudiaron 193 ingresos de VRS positivo y 4.568 niños no ingresados. Los factores de riesgo analizados fueron la edad cronológica inferior a 10 semanas al inicio de la estación o haber nacido en las 10 primeras semanas de la estación, hermano mayor que fuera a la escuela o asistiera a la guardería, madre fumadora durante la gestación, sexo varón, lactancia materna ausente durante 2 meses o menos, 4 o más adultos en casa, sibilancias en padres o hermanos, ser pequeño para la edad gestacional y 2 o más fumadores en casa. Resultados: El modelo de regresión logística incluyó los 4 primeros factores citados como variables independientemente significativas, con un coeficiente de determinación de 0,062 y un área bajo la curva de 0,687 (p<0,001). Los valores predictivos de ingreso de VRS positivo para un niño con los 4 factores de riesgo fueron los siguientes: el 6,2% de sensibilidad, el 98,6% de especificidad, el 16,2% de valor predictivo positivo, el 96,1% de valor predictivo negativo, el 94,9% de exactitud, un cociente de probabilidad positivo (CP+) de 4,581 y un cociente de probabilidad negativo de 0,951. El CP+ para un niño con los 2 factores mayores de riesgo es de 2,657. Conclusiones: La utilidad predictiva de ingreso de VRS positivo según la presencia de diferentes factores de riesgo en prematuros españoles de 32 a 35 semanas de gestación es escasa, aunque similar a otros modelos existentes (AU)

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk factor associations for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization in preterm infants from 32 to 35 weeks gestation, treated during two consecutive RSV seasons in Spain. Patients and methods: A database (FLIP-2) was used after excluding the infants who received prophylactic palivizumab. A total of 193 RSV+ admissions and 4568 non-hospitalized children were studied. The risk factors analyzed were: chronological age <=10 weeks at start of RSV season or to be born during the first 10 weeks of the season; school-age siblings or daycare attendance; mother smoking during pregnancy; male gender; breastfeeding <=2 months; >=4 adults at home; history of wheezing; small for gestational age; >=2 smokers at home. Results: Logistic regression model included the first four previously mentioned risk factors as independently significant variables, with R2 of 0.062 and area under curve of 0.687 (P<0.001). Predictive values for a child with the four risk factors were: sensitivity 6.2%, specificity 98.6%, predictive positive value 16.2%, negative predictive value 96.1%, accuracy 94.9%, positive likelihood ratio 4.581, and negative likelihood ratio 0.951. Positive likelihood ratio for a child with the two major risk factors is 2.657. Conclusions: Usefulness of different risk factor associations to predict hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection in preterm infants 32 to 35 weeks gestation in Spain is low, although similar to other models (AU)

[Usefulness of different risk factor associations in predicting admissions due to respiratory syncytial virus in premature newborns of 32 to 35 weeks gestation in Spain]. / Utilidad predictiva de ingreso por infección por virus respiratorio sincitial de diferentes asociaciones de factores de riesgo en prematuros de 32 a 35 semanas de gestación en España.

AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk factor associations for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization in preterm infants from 32 to 35 weeks gestation, treated during two consecutive RSV seasons in Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A database (FLIP-2) was used after excluding the infants who received prophylactic palivizumab. A total of 193 RSV+ admissions and 4568 non-hospitalized children were studied. The risk factors analyzed were: chronological age <=10 weeks at start of RSV season or to be born during the first 10 weeks of the season; school-age siblings or daycare attendance; mother smoking during pregnancy; male gender; breastfeeding <=2 months; >=4 adults at home; history of wheezing; small for gestational age; >=2 smokers at home. RESULTS: Logistic regression model included the first four previously mentioned risk factors as independently significant variables, with R(2) of 0.062 and area under curve of 0.687 (P<0.001). Predictive values for a child with the four risk factors were: sensitivity 6.2%, specificity 98.6%, predictive positive value 16.2%, negative predictive value 96.1%, accuracy 94.9%, positive likelihood ratio 4.581, and negative likelihood ratio 0.951. Positive likelihood ratio for a child with the two major risk factors is 2.657. CONCLUSIONS: Usefulness of different risk factor associations to predict hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection in preterm infants 32 to 35 weeks gestation in Spain is low, although similar to other models.