ABSTRACT
Herbivore insects use a variety of search cues during host finding and mate recognition, including visual, gustatory, and olfactory stimuli, leaving multiple traits for evolution to act upon. However, information about differences or similarities in search pattern amongst closely related insect herbivore species is still scarce. Here, we study the production of and the response to pheromone in Galerucella (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to investigate the beetles' search behaviour. Males of G. pusilla and G. calmariensis, two closely related species, are known to produce the aggregation pheromone dimethylfuran-lactone when feeding on their host plant, whereas no pheromones have been identified in other Galerucella species. We show that dimethylfuran-lactone is produced also by males of G. tenella, a species phylogenetically close to G. pusilla and G. calmariensis, whereas the more distantly related species G. lineola and G. sagittariae were not found to produce the same compound. To investigate the beetles' behavioural response to dimethylfuran-lactone, the pheromone was synthesized using a partly novel method and tested in olfactometers, showing that G. pusilla, G. calmariensis, and G. tenella were all attracted to the pheromone, whereas G. lineola and G. sagittariae did not respond. This suggests that the production of and the response to pheromone could be linked to the phylogenetic relatedness between the species.
ABSTRACT
Objetivos: Determinar el nivel de satisfacción laboral del profesional de Enfermería en el servicio de pediatría del INEN, 2010 e Identificar el nivel de satisfacción laboral en los factores de condiciones físicas y/o materiales, beneficios laborales y/o remunerativos, políticas administrativas, relaciones interpersonales, desarrollo personal, desempeño de tareas y relación con la autoridad. Material y Método: El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por todas las enfermeras. La técnica fue la entrevista y el instrumento una escala modificada tipo Lickert, considerando el consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (22), 45 por ciento (10) presentan un nivel de satisfacción laboral medio, 32 por ciento (7) alto y 23 por ciento (5) bajo; en relación a los factores determinantes; el nivel de satisfacción laboral es media en las dimensiones relaciones interpersonales (86.4 por ciento), políticas administrativas (81.8 por ciento); beneficios laborales y/o remunerativos (77.3 por ciento), relación con la autoridad (72.8 por ciento); en las condiciones físicas y/o confort (63.6 por ciento), desempeño de tareas (59.1 por ciento); desarrollo personal (54.5 por ciento), seguido de nivel alto a bajo. Conclusiones: Un porcentaje considerable de enfermeras tiene un nivel de satisfacción laboral medio con tendencia a alto y bajo, mientras que la mayoría tiene una satisfacción de media a baja, en la dimensión beneficios laborales, políticas administrativas, relaciones interpersonales, relación con la autoridad; referido a que se sienten mal con lo que ganan, el esfuerzo de trabajar más horas reglamentarías no es reconocido, les agrada trabajar con sus compañeras y es grato la disposición del jefe cuando se le pide alguna consulta y un porcentaje considerable tiene un nivel de satisfacción laboral medio en la dimensión condiciones físicas, desarrollo personal y desempeño de tareas; referido a que el lugar donde trabajan es confortable, disfrutan de la labor que realizan.
Objectives: determine the level of job satisfaction among nursing professionals in the pediatric ward of Endocrinology, 2010 and identify the level of job satisfaction factors of physical and / or materials, benefits and / or remunerative, administrative policies, interpersonal relationships, personal development, work performance and relationship with authority. Material and Methods: The study was application level, quantitative, cross sectional method. The population consisted of all nurses. The technique was the interview and the instrument Lickert scale, given informed consent. Results: 100 per cent (22), 45 per cent (10) have an average employment level of satisfaction, 32 per cent (7) high and 23 per cent (5) below, in relation to the determinants and the level of job satisfaction is average in dimensions of interpersonal relationships (86.4 per cent), administrative policies (81.8 per cent), employee benefits and / or remunerative (77.3 per cent), relationship with authority (72.8 per cent) in the physical and / or comfort (63.6 per cent), performance tasks (59.1 per cent) personal development (54.5 per cent), followed by high to low. Conclusions: A significant percentage of nurses have a level of medium to low job satisfaction, most have a medium to low satisfaction in the dimension employee benefits, administrative policy, interpersonal relationships, relationship with authority; referred to feel bad about what they make, the effort to work more hours regulations is not recognized, like working with their partners and are pleased the disposal of the head when asked any questions and a considerable portion has a half level of job satisfaction in the physical dimension, personal development and task performance; referred to the place where work is comfortable, enjoy every work done.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Pediatric Nursing , Job Satisfaction , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Host-plants can mediate the interactions between herbivores and their mutualists and also between parasitic plants and their mutualists. The present study reveals how a hemiparasitic plant parasitizing three host species gives rise to three distinct hemiparasite-host neighborhoods which differ in terms of volatile composition and pollinator attractiveness. The study was performed in a population of the mistletoe Tristerix verticillatus infecting three different species of hosts occurring in sympatry within a small area, thus exposing all individuals studied to similar abiotic conditions and pollinator diversity; we assessed the effect of hosts on the hemiparasites' visual and olfactory cues for pollinator attraction. During the study period, the hemiparasite individuals were flowering but the hosts were past their flowering stage. We collected volatile organic compounds from the hemiparasite and its hosts, measured floral display characteristics and monitored bird and insect visitors to inflorescences of T. verticillatus. We showed that: (1) floral patches did not differ in terms of floral display potentially involved in the attraction of pollinators, (2) hosts and hemiparasites on each host were discriminated as distinct chemical populations in terms of their volatile chemical profiles, (3) insect visitation rates differed between hemiparasites parasitizing different hosts, and (4) volatile compounds from the host and the hemiparasite influenced the visitation of hemiparasite flowers by insects. The study showed that a species regarded as "ornithophilic" by its floral morphology was actually mostly visited by insects that interacted with its sexual organs during their visits and carried its pollen, and that host-specific plant-volatile profiles within the T. verticillatus population were associated with differential attractiveness to pollinating insects.
