The importance of COVID-19 vaccination during lactation.

The World Health Organization strongly supports breastfeeding as the main source of infant feeding to ensure maternal and child health. Since its emergence, COVID-19 has become a disease affecting the health of the world's population, and vaccines have been developed to prevent it. However, the decision to license COVID-19 vaccines for infants under 6 months of age has been delayed. Different studies have shown that during the breastfeeding period, the benefit-risk balance is much higher in favor of the benefit, at the immunological level for the infant, due to its low perception of adverse effects and the low transmission of products such as mRNA from the mother to the child. Different organizations and societies recommend vaccination in breastfeeding women. COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective.

[Analysis of the legal framework on food supplements for menopause in Spanish community pharmacies]. / Análisis del marco legal sobre complementos alimenticios para la menopausia en farmacias comunitarias españolas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the legal framework for the marketing of specific food supplements prescribed and indicated for menopause symptoms, so that it is verified if according to the effects on health that they produce, should be considered in the category of food supplements, or in others included in our legal system. METHOD: An exhaustive review of the legal frameworks applicable to food supplements used both in Spain and in Europe, collecting those aspects that are related to legal concepts such as the definition of medicine for human use, medicine based on medicinal plants, or the so-called "frontier products". RESULTS: There is a large number of products that can be called "frontier products", they can fit into different product categories, they can fit into different product categories, since some of the plants in their formulation are also authorized for use as industrial medicines or medicines based on traditional medicinal plants. CONCLUSIONS: There are currently specific food supplements for menopause that raise reasonable doubts about their inclusion in other legal categories, both as medicines for human use, or as herbal medicines, so the legislator would need to enable more agile mechanisms and more frequent reviews of the new certainties that science finds, and that can change the status of these products.

Análisis del marco legal sobre complementos alimenticios para la menopausia en farmacias comunitarias españolas / Analysis of the legal framework on food supplements for menopause in Spanish community pharmacies

Objetivo: Realizar un análisis sobre el marco legal de los complementos alimenticios prescritos e indicados para la sintomatología de la menopausia, verificando si de acuerdo con los efectos sobre la salud que producen deben ser considerados como complementos alimenticios o bien en otras categorías recogidas en el ordenamiento jurídico español. Método: Se realiza una revisión de los marcos jurídicos aplicables a los complementos alimenticios utilizados en España y Europa, recogiendo aquellos aspectos que resulten aplicables o relevantes para los utilizados durante la menopausia, y la relación que guarden con conceptos jurídicos como la definición de medicamento de uso humano, medicamento a base de plantas medicinales o los denominados «productos frontera». Resultados: Existe una gran cantidad de productos que pueden ser considerados «productos frontera» y pueden encajar en categorías de productos diferentes, ya que algunas de las plantas en su formulación también se encuentran autorizadas para su uso como medicamentos industriales o medicamentos de plantas medicinales tradicionales. Conclusiones: Existen complementos alimenticios para la menopausia que suscitan dudas razonables sobre su inclusión en otras categorías legales, tanto como medicamentos de uso humano o como medicamentos a base de plantas, por lo que el legislador necesitaría habilitar mecanismos más agiles y revisiones más frecuentes de las nuevas certezas que la ciencia encuentre, y que pueda cambiar la consideración de estos productos. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the legal framework for the marketing of specific food supplements prescribed and indicated for menopause symptoms, so that it is verified if according to the effects on health that they produce, should be considered in the category of food supplements, or in others included in our legal system. Method: An exhaustive review of the legal frameworks applicable to food supplements used both in Spain and in Europe, collecting those aspects that are related to legal concepts such as the definition of medicine for human use, medicine based on medicinal plants, or the so-called “frontier products”. Results: There is a large number of products that can be called “frontier products”, they can fit into different product categories, they can fit into different product categories, since some of the plants in their formulation are also authorized for use as industrial medicines or medicines based on traditional medicinal plants. Conclusions: There are currently specific food supplements for menopause that raise reasonable doubts about their inclusion in other legal categories, both as medicines for human use, or as herbal medicines, so the legislator would need to enable more agile mechanisms and more frequent reviews of the new certainties that science finds, and that can change the status of these products. (AU)

Situación legal de la atención farmacéutica en residencias de ancianos en España / Legal Situation of Pharmaceutical Care in Nursing Homes in Spain

ntroducción: La mayor esperanza de vida está pro-duciendo un aumento de la población de personas mayores de 65 años. Este grupo de población se caracteriza por un elevado consumo de medica-mentos y de asistencia sanitaria, permaneciendo muchos de ellos en centros residenciales donde son cubiertas todas sus necesidades. El perfil farmacoterapéutico de estos pacientes suele ser complejo debido a la polimedicación y a las pato-logías crónicas que padecen. Es aquí donde entra en juego el papel del farmacéutico a través de servicios asistenciales. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la situación legal, a través del estudio de la normativa específica española que regula la atención farmacéutica en centros sociosanitarios.Método: Revisión de la situación legal de la aten-ción farmacéutica en centros sociosanitarios en EspañaResultados: En España, el marco legal básico se encuentra en el Real Decreto Ley 16/2012 que esta-blece la obligación de tener un servicio de farmacia para los centros sociosanitarios que tengan cien o más camas en régimen de asistidos, mientras que aquellos con menos camas tendrán que tener-lo vinculado a un hospital o a una farmacia. Sin embargo, cada Comunidad Autónoma establece un régimen propio de funcionamiento, a través de su normativa específica.Conclusiones: Existen diferencias en la regulación de los centros sociosanitarios en cuanto a presta-ciones, funciones y servicios farmacéuticos corres-pondiente a cada Comunidad Autónoma (AU)

Introduction: Longer life expectancy is producing an increase among the population of people over the age of 65. This population group is charac-terized by a high consumption of medicines and healthcare, living many of them in residential facili-ties where all their needs are covered.The pharmacotherapeutic profile of these patients is usually complex due to their polymedication and the chronic pathologies they suffer. Here is where the role of the pharmacist comes into play with healthcare services. The aim of this review is to analyze the legal situation by studying the specific Spanish regulations that rule the pharmaceutical care in social and health care centers.Method: Review of the legal situation of pharma-ceutical care in social-health centers in Spain.Results: In Spain, the basic legal framework is found in Royal Decree Law 16/2012, which estab-lishes the obligation to have a pharmacy service for social care centers with one hundred beds or more in assisted care, while those with fewer beds must be linked to a hospital or pharmacy. However, each Autonomous Community establishes its own oper-ating regime through its specific regulations.Conclusions: There are differences in the regula-tion of social and healthcare centers in terms of benefits, functions and pharmaceutical services corresponding to each Autonomous Community (AU)

Farmacias comunitarias de Ecuador y España. Aspectos legales / Ecuador and Spain community pharmacies. Legal aspects

INTRODUCCIÓN: La necesidad de estándares de calidad de los servicios farmacéuticos, para garantizar el uso seguro, responsable y efectivo del medicamento, ha hecho que a través de los años se produzcan una serie de cambios en los sistemas sanitarios. Existe además, una lucha para posicionar a la farmacia y a farmacéuticos como ejes potenciales para promulgar la protección de la salud. Fruto de estos cambios, se evidencian diferencias estructurales en los modelos de farmacia entre países desarrollados y países en vías de desarrollo. El presente estudio realiza un análisis comparativo del modelo de oficina farmacia entre los países de Ecuador y España, diferenciando las legislaciones alusivas al funcionamiento de las farmacias y comparando los modelos de oficina de farmacia. MÉTODO: Estudio comparativo basado en investigación documental, en lo referente a normativas y legislación de las farmacias comunitarias de Ecuador y España. RESULTADOS: En el presente trabajo se analizan la legislación vigente que regula la farmacia española y ecuatoriana, en referencia al establecimiento de nuevas farmacias, propiedad farmacéutica, prohibición de cadenas de farmacia, así como la calidad de la formación del farmacéutico comunitario. CONCLUSIONES: En países de Latinoamérica, como en el caso de Ecuador, la farmacia adopta un modelo más liberal, refiriendo a la desregularización de la apertura de nuevas farmacias, temas de propiedad, sistema de planificación territorial, así como la no presencia del profesional farmacéutico; dando lugar a un sistema con un fuerte enfoque comercial; incidiendo de esta forma sobre la función ideal que debe llevar a cabo la farmacia comunitaria

INTRODUCTION: The need for quality standards in pharmaceutical services, that provides a safety, responsible and effectiveness use of medication, has led several changes in health systems over the years. There is also a struggle to position the pharmacy and pharmaceutical professionals as potential axes to enact health care. As a result of these changes, there are structural differences in pharmacy models between developed and developing countries. The present study sets out to provide a comparative analysis of Ecuador and Spain pharmacy office model, differentiating legislations concerning the functioning of pharmacies and comparing the pharmacy office models. METHOD: Documentary based research and a comparative study, regarding regulations and legislation of community pharmacies in Ecuador and Spain. RESULTS: In this paper, the current legislation that regulates the Spanish and Ecuadorian pharmacy is analyzed, in reference to the establishment of new pharmacies, pharmaceutical ownership, prohibition of pharmacy chains, as well as the quality of the training of community pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: In Latin American countries, as in the case of Ecuador, the pharmacy adopts a more liberal model, referring to the deregulation of the opening of new pharmacies, property issues, territorial planning system, as well as the non-presence of the professional pharmacist; resulting in a system with a strong commercial focus; thus emphasizing the ideal role to be played by the community pharmacy

Informe sobre el marco legal de comercialización y uso de los Test Genéticos Directos al Consumidor en España / Legislation on direct-to-consumer genetic testing in Spain

Los Test Genéticos Directos al Consumidor (TGDC) han aparecido en el mercado en las dos últimas décadas como consecuencia del desarrollo de la terapia genética y en respuesta a las nuevas posibilidades de hacer frente a las enfermedades desde la opción de su predicción. El término "análisis genéticos directos al consumidor" se ha generalizado utilizándose para describir servicios analíticos que se ofertan para detectar polimorfismos y variaciones genéticas relacionadas con la salud. El procedimiento habitual de uso consiste en la toma de una muestra biológica a nivel domiciliario, la cual es enviada al laboratorio comercializador para ser analizada. Los resultados del análisis del laboratorio se comunican al sujeto por vía telefónica, por correo postal o electrónico, o bien a través de un acceso seguro a un portal de internet. Los TGDC tienen el valor de poder predecir que se pueda desarrollar una enfermedad y poder frenar su aparición mediante hábitos de vida concretos, elementos nutricionales o de otro tipo. Es una realidad que el ámbito preventivo de la genética es fundamental para que una persona no desarrolle una enfermedad a la que puede tener genéticamente predisposición y que con medidas preventivas puede evitarse. La venta de los TGDC se realiza mayoritariamente a través de internet y resulta necesaria una regulación específica que contemple sus características en cuanto a su finalidad y régimen de comercialización res-pecto a los distintos tipos de análisis genéticos con objeto de que su uso se haga con unas garantías éticas, jurídicas y sociales mínimas para el consumidor

The Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing (TGDC) has appeared in the market in the last two decades as a consequence of the development of genetic therapy and in response to the new possibilities of facing diseases from the option of their prediction. The TGDC has been generalized to describe analytical services that are offered to detect polymorphisms and genetic variations related to health. The TGDC includes any type of genetic analysis available to people outside a healthcare context, including genetic analyzes related to lifestyle, which would provide recommendations about diet or daily life (sports, etc.). The usual procedure of use consists in taking a biological sample at home, which is sent to the commercialization laboratory to be analyzed. The results of the laboratory analysis are communicated to the subject by telephone, by postal or electronic mail, or through secure access to an Internet portal. The TGDC have the value of being able to predict that a disease can develop and, therefore, be able to stop their appearance by means of specific life habits, nutritional or other elements that contribute to slowing down their appearance or even preventing their appearance. It is a reality that the preventive field of genetics is fundamental for a person not to develop a cancer or any other type of disease to which he may have a genetic predisposition and with preventive measures can be avoided. At the present time when they are being marketed mainly through the internet, a specific regulation is necessary that contemplates their characteristics in terms of their purpose and marketing regime with respect to the different types of genetic analysis in order that their use is done with minimum ethical, legal and social guarantees for the consumer

Mujeres notables en la Facultad de Farmacia de Granada (1850-1950) / No disponible

Objetivos. Estudiar las mujeres que destacaron ocupando cargos de responsabilidad en las instituciones superiores, docentes e investigadoras, durante el primer siglo de actividad de la Facultad granadina. Material y Métodos. Parte de una busqueda archivística de los expedientes personales de las primeras alumnas que cursan la Licenciatura de Farmacia en la Universidad de Granada y se complementa con los datos bibliográficos publicados. Las Fuentes manejadas son: el Archivo Histórico de la Universidad y como importante fuente complementaria se trabaja la iconografía con las orlas de promociones, que forman parte de la colección de la Facultad, y el archivo fotográfico del Museo de Historia de la Farmacia. Resultados Se relacionan las mujeres pioneras en la investigación, docencia y ejercicio profesional en oficina de farmacia en los primeros cien años de la Facultad de Farmacia granadina. Conclusiones. La presencia femenina en los estudios farmacéuticos ha sido relevante, las mujeres destacaban en sus expedientes curriculares. El acceso a cargos de responsabilidad fue escaso como consecuencia a las trabas sociales de la época (AU)

Aim: We have looked into the activities of some of the outstanding women who occupied posts of responsibility in higher teaching and research institutions during the first century of the life of this faculty. Material and methods: Our investigations involved an initial search of the archives for the personal records of the first female students to study for a degree in Pharmacy at the University of Granada, which was then complemented by published bibliographical information gleaned from other sources, such as the University’s Historic Archive, the group photographs of each year’s graduates (belonging to the Faculty of Pharmacy’s own historic collection), and the photographic archive housed in the “Profesor José Mª Suñé Arbussà” Museum of the History of Pharmacy. Result: Provides a review of the female pioneers in research, teaching and the practice of their profession as pharmacists during the first hundred years of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Granada. Conclusion: Our conclusion is that the presence of women in the study of pharmacy was extremely important, and no less so in the light of their outstanding academic records. Nevertheless, their possibilities of attaining offices of responsibility were scarce as a consequence of the social impediments imposed upon them by the times they lived in (AU)