AUTONOMIC, CARDIOVASCULAR & PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN STRENGTH TRAINING PROTOCOLS / Respostas autonômicas, cardiovasculares e fisiológicas em protocolos de treinamento de força / Respuestas autonómicas, cardiovasculares y fisiológicas en protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza

ABSTRACT Introduction Strength training is a recurrent practice among several publics and the topic of several studies, yet there is a shortage of previous studies that analyzed these parameters in the same subjects in training sessions involving volume, interval and different repetitions maximum ranges. Objective The study was aimed at measuring and comparing the acute effect of different ST (strength training) protocols on HR (heart rate), HRV (heart rate variability), [LAC] (lactate concentration), [CK] (creatine kinase) and SPE (subjective perceived exertion). Methods Eleven individuals with previous experience were recruited and in three sessions they performed three different training models, namely: high load (4 sets at 90% of 1RM, 180s rest between sets), medium load (3 sets at 75% of 1 RM, 90s rest between sets), and low load (2 sets at 50% of 1 RM, 45s rest between sets) in free squat, bench press, deadlift and bent-over row exercises. Results There was no difference in CK between low load (resistance) and medium load (hypertrophy) (p = 0.60), between resistance and high load (strength) (p = 0.84), and between hypertrophy and strength (p = 0.91), while there was higher lactate accumulation in training with medium and low loads in comparison to training with high loads (p <0.001). Conclusion It can be noted that workouts with high loads, few repetitions and longer intervals (maximum strength) generate lower blood lactate concentrations and SPE values when compared to training with lower loads and shorter intervals (resistance training and hypertrophy). Additionally, when evaluating autonomic and cardiovascular variables, it would appear that manipulating the percentage of 1RM and the interval time does not generate significant changes in HRV, blood pressure (BP) and HR when the repetitions are executed until failure. Level of evidence II; Prospective comparative study.

RESUMO Introdução O treinamento de força é prática recorrente entre diversos públicos e alvo de diversos estudos, contudo há escassez de estudos prévios que analisaram esses parâmetros nos mesmos indivíduos em sessões de treino envolvendo volume, intervalo e faixas distintas de repetições máximas. Objetivo Mensurar e comparar o efeito agudo de diferentes protocolos de TF (treino de força) sobre a FC (frequência cardíaca), VFC (variabilidade da frequência cardíaca), [LAC] (concentração de lactato), [CK] (creatina quinase) e PSE (percepção subjetiva de esforço). Métodos Foram selecionados 11 indivíduos com experiência prévia e, em três sessões, os mesmos realizaram três diferentes modelos de treino, isto é: carga alta (4 séries a 90% de 1RM, 180s de descanso entre séries), carga média (3 séries a 75% de 1 RM, 90s de descanso entre séries) e carga baixa (2 séries a 50% de 1 RM, 45s de descanso entre séries) em exercícios de agachamento livre, supino reto, levantamento terra e remada curva. Resultados Não houve diferença da CK entre a carga baixa (resistência) e a carga média (hipertrofia) (p=0,60), entre resistência e carga alta (força) (p=0,84) e entre hipertrofia e força (p=0,91) e houve maior acúmulo de lactato nos treinos com carga média e baixa em relação ao treino com cargas altas (p<0,001). Conclusão Observa-se que os treinos com cargas altas, poucas repetições e intervalos mais longos (força máxima) geram concentrações de lactato sanguíneo e PSE menores quando comparados aos treinos que utilizam cargas mais baixas e intervalos mais curtos (treinos de resistência e hipertrofia). Adicionalmente, quando avaliadas as variáveis autonômicas e cardiovasculares, parece que manipular o percentual de 1RM e o tempo de intervalo não é capaz de gerar alterações significativas na VFC, pressão arterial (PA) e FC quando as repetições são executadas até a falha. Nível de evidência II; Estudo prospectivo comparativo.

RESUMEN Introducción El entrenamiento de fuerza es práctica recurrente entre diversos públicos y objetivo de diversos estudios. Sin embargo, hay escasez de estudios previos que analizaron esos parámetros en los mismos individuos en sesiones de entrenamiento abarcando volumen, intervalo y franjas distintas de repeticiones máximas. Objetivo Medir y comparar el efecto agudo de diferentes protocolos de EF (entrenamiento de fuerza) sobre la FC (frecuencia cardíaca), VFC (variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca), [LAC] (concentración de lactato), [CK] (creatina quinasa) y PSE (percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo). Métodos Fueron seleccionados 11 individuos con experiencia previa y, en tres sesiones, los mismos realizaron tres modelos de entrenamiento, a saber: carga alta (4 series a 90% de 1RM, 180s de descanso entre series), carga mediana (3 series a 75% 1RM, 90s de descanso entre series), y carga baja (2 series a 50% de 1RM, 45s de descanso entre series) en los ejercicios de agachamiento libre, supino recto, levantamiento tierra y remada curva. Resultados No hubo diferencias de la CK entre la carga baja (resistencia) y la carga mediana (hipertrofia) (p = 0,60) entre resistencia y carga alta (fuerza) (p = 0,84) y entre hipertrofia y fuerza (p = 0,91) y hubo mayor acumulación de lactato en los entrenamientos con carga mediana y baja con relación al entrenamiento con cargas altas (p <0,001). Conclusión Se observa que los entrenamientos con cargas altas, pocas repeticiones e intervalos más largos (fuerza máxima) generan concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo y PSE menores cuando comparados a los entrenamientos que utilizan cargas más bajas e intervalos más cortos (entrenamientos de resistencia e hipertrofia). Además, cuando evaluadas las variables autonómicas y cardiovasculares, parece que manipular el porcentaje de 1RM y el tiempo de intervalo no es capaz de generar alteraciones significativas en la VFC, presión arterial (PA) y FC cuando las repeticiones son ejecutadas hasta la falla. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio prospectivo comparativo.

Effects of exercise cessation on adipose tissue physiological markers related to fat regain: A systematic review.

Tissues usually super compensate during the period that follow physical exercise. Although this is widely accepted for muscle and glycogen, the compensatory effect is not usually applied to fat tissues. Notwithstanding, evidence for this has been present since the 1970s when it was first suggested that the increased lipogenic activity in response to training might be an adaptation that enables to restore an energy reserve that can be used in times of need. In this context, the present review aimed to summarize information about the effect of detraining on fat metabolism and the physiological responses associated with fat regain. A systematic search on PubMed and Scielo was performed using "training cessation," "detraining," "exercise detraining," and "exercise cessation" combined with "fat tissue," "adipose tissue," "adipose metabolism," and "fat metabolism," as descriptors. From 377 results, 25 were included in this review, 12 humans and 13 rodents, resulting in a sample of 6772 humans and 613 animals. The analysis provided evidence for fat super compensation, as well as differences in humans and rodents, among different protocols and possible mechanisms for fat gain after exercise cessation. In summary, exercise cessation appears to increase the ability of the adipose tissue to store energy. However, caution should be taken, especially regarding conclusions based on investigations on humans, considering the multiple factors that could affect fat metabolism.

Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on the Performance of Federal Highway Policemen in Physical Fitness Tests.

Marins, EF, Cabistany, L, Bartel, C, Dawes, J, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of personal protective equipment on the performance of Federal Highway Policemen in physical fitness tests. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 11-19, 2020-Personal protective equipment (PPE), worn by police officers, provides protection and can modify physiological and performance responses during physical efforts. Physiological, perceptual, and physical responses were compared with PPE (WPPE) and without PPE (NPPE) among the Brazilian Federal Highway Policemen (FHP). Nineteen (n = 19) FHP completed 2 experimental trials: NPPE and WPPE (load = 8.3 kg). Tests of aerobic and anaerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, as well as change of direction speed (CODS) were performed under both conditions. Heart rate reductions were shown at the second ventilatory threshold (1.4%) and maximal exercise (1.5%) WPPE. In comparison with NPPE, physical performance in the WPPE condition showed decreases in the following: treadmill time at maximal exercise (21%, p < 0.001); time in the isometric trunk test (28.9%, p < 0.001); vertical jump height (11.6 and 10.5%, p < 0.001); standing long jump distance (7.3%, p < 0.001); bar hang time (14.8%, p < 0.05); and CODS (2.6%, p < 0.05). Results indicate that PPE use reduces physical performance of FHP in cardiorespiratory, strength, power, and CODS tests.

Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Metabolism and Performance During an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police Officers.

Marins, EF, Cabistany, L, Farias, CB, Dawes, J, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of personal protective equipment on metabolism and performance during an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police officers. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1093-1102, 2020-Federal Highway Police (FHP) officers perform their duties while wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Given the need for officers to wear PPE, it is important to understand the effects this additional load can have on occupational performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of load carriage on physiological, perceptual, and performance responses during an Occupational Physical Ability Test (OPAT). Thirteen male FHP officers completed an OPAT with PPE (WPPE, load = 12.0 kg) and without PPE (NPPE, load = 5.2 kg) in 2 separate sessions in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Metabolic responses (heart rate [HR] and its variability, and blood lactate concentration [Lac]), perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), and OPAT performance were measured. Paired t and Wilcoxon tests were used to identify differences between conditions, and 2-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc was performed to analyze the results of Lac between the conditions. Occupational Physical Ability Test completion time was significantly greater in the WPPE condition compared with the NPPE condition (125.9 ± 13.8 vs. 118.3 ± 11 seconds, p < 0.01). Lac after the OPAT was higher in the NPPE condition compared with the WPPE (respectively 11.7 ± 2.7 vs. 9.6 ± 1.5 mmol·L, p < 0.05). The HRmax (NPPE = 180.5 ± 8.9 vs. WPPE = 178.3 ± 6.6 b·min, p = 0.44) and RPE (NPPE = 8.6 ± 0.8 vs. WPPE = 8.7 ± 1.0, p = 0.77) were not different between conditions. Personal protective equipment reduces performance in specific occupational circuit, changing Lac but without affecting HR and RPE. Strength and conditioning programs for FHP should aim to reduce the negative impact of additional load associate with wearing PPE.

The validity of Keiser-M3 stationary bicycle with standard ergometer for physiological measurements associated with maximum effort

Abstract Aim: This study aims to investigate the concordance between two cycle ergometers for variables measured in the test of maximum incremental effort. Methods: This correlation study enrolled 15 inactive women (19,2 ± 4,0 years old). At random, the participants performed two maximal effort incremental tests (MEIT), using cycle ergometers (Keiser-M3 and Ergo-167) on different days with a minimum interval of 72 hours. The test had stages of two minutes, and two-step increments were carried out at the end of each stage. Lactate concentration ([LAC]), and rated perceived exertion (RPE) were collected, in addition to monitoring oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR). The Paired t-test was carried out to compare physiologic variables, Lin's test was used for correlation, and Bland Altman was used to measuring concordances among variables. Results: The correlations between physiologic parameters were considered strong for HR on the anaerobic threshold (Keiser M3 = 146 ± 14 bpm; Ergo-167 = 149 ± 9 bpm; r = 0.762), greater blood lactate value (Keiser M3 = 9,97 ± 2,51 mmol/L; Ergo-167 = 9.71 ± 2.56 mmol/L; r = 0.820), VO2max (Keiser M3 = 38,37 ± 6,97 mL/kg/min; Ergo-167 = 36.06 ± 8.4 mL/kg/min; r = 0,806) and HRmax (Keiser M3 = 186 ± 53 bpm; Ergo-167 = 188 ± 11 bpm; r = 0.716). Conclusion: The results show the feasibility of using the cycle ergometer Keiser, model M3, to perform the maximal effort incremental test, whereas there was high concordance in the physiologic responses in both ergometers for inactive women.

Anthropometric characteristics and physical performance of taekwondo athletes / Características antropométricas e desempenho físico de lutadores de taekwondo

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to measure anthropometric and physical performance variables of TKD athletes from the city of Pelotas - RS. Forty-five athletes aged 16.4 ± 5.2 years and time of practice of 3.25 ± 3.6 years were evaluated. Athletes performed anthropometric evaluation and physical, general and specific performance tests. In the sum of seven skin folds, men presented lower values ??(106.1 ± 49.5 mm versus 143.4 ± 43.2 mm, p <0.002). Male seniors presented better performance in the vertical jump compared to beginners (42.3 ± 8.5cm versus 24.8 ± 10.1cm, p <0.03) and to women (22.1 ± 4.3cm, p <0.03). Graduated individuals perform higher number of arm pushups than beginners and women and more repetitions in the abdominal test. Male junior and senior athletes had higher isometric handgrip strength than females (48.3 ± 3.9 kgf and 38.1 ± 12.6 kgf versus 29 ± 5.6 kgf, p <0.001). Men covered longer distance in the yo-yo test than women (606.6 ± 233.8m versus 200 ± 113.1m, p <0.001). In the Wingate test, men produced greater peak and average relative power. No differences in flexibility were observed. In the single kick test, seniors kicked faster than less experienced athletes (200.6 ± 12.3m / s versus 258 ± 5.6m / s, p <0.001) and performed greater number of kicks in the 21s, 6 ± 2.1 reps versus 15.5 ± 0.7 reps, p <0.001). It was concluded that there are differences between male and female TKD athletes regarding anthropometric and motor characteristics, and that more experienced athletes exhibit greater general and specific physical fitness.

Resumo O objetivo desta investigação foi mensurar variáveis antropométricas e de desempenho físico de atletas de TKD da cidade de Pelotas - RS. Foram avaliados 45 atletas com idades 16,4±5,2 anos e tempo de prática de 3,25± 3,6 anos. Os atletas realizaram avaliação antropométrica, testes de desempenho físico, gerais e específicos. No somatório de sete dobras cutâneas, homens apresentam menores valores (106,1±49,5mm versus 143,4±43,2mm; p<0,002). Homens mais graduados apresentaram melhor desempenho no salto vertical que homens iniciantes (42,3±8,5cm versus 24,8±10,1cm; p<0,03) e que mulheres (22,1±4,3cm; p<0,03). Indivíduos graduados realizam maior número de flexões de cotovelo que iniciantes e mulheres e mais repetições no teste de abdominais. Atletas da categoria sênior e júnior masculino exibiram mais força isométrica de preensão manual que as mulheres (48,3±3,9kgf e 38,1±12,6kgf versus 29±5,6kgf; p<0,001). Homens percorreram maior distância no yo-yo test que mulheres (606,6±233,8m versus 200±113,1m; p<0,001). No teste de Wingate, homens produziram maior potência relativa máxima e média. Não foram observadas diferenças na flexibilidade. No teste de chute único, indivíduos mais graduados chutaram mais rápido do que os menos graduados (200,6±12,3m/s versus 258±5,6m/s; p<0,001) e executam maior número de chutes em 10s (21,6±2,1reps versus 15,5±0,7reps; p<0,001). Conclui-se que há diferenças entre homens e mulheres praticantes de TKD quanto a características antropométricas e motoras, e que atletas mais avançados exibem maior aptidão física geral e específica.

Aerobic fitness, upper-body strength and agility predict performance on an occupational physical ability test among police officers while wearing personal protective equipment.

BACKGROUND: Police institutions often use Occupational Physical Ability Tests (OPATs) as a measure of occupational performance. These tests are utilized to mimic the daily and essential tasks performed by the police officers, but few are performed with load carriage (LC). The purpose of this study was to examine the physical performance predictors of an OPAT performed without (NPPE) and with (WPPE) LC. METHODS: Thirteen federal highway police officers (age: 36.8±3.7 years, body mass: 89±10.7 kg, height: 180±5.6 cm) volunteered to complete a battery of physical fitness tests (aerobic power and capacity, muscular endurance, lower limb power, upper limb strength, agility and anaerobic power) and anthropometrics. Occupational performance was measured by the total OPAT time consisting of 7 sequential police tasks. All subjects randomly completed the tests on both LC conditions. RESULTS: Agility (P<0.01), lower limb power and height (P<0.05) were significantly related to performance in the NPPE OPAT. In the WPPE condition, aerobic power (absolute and relative) (P<0.01), lower limb power and agility (P<0.05). The best predictors for OPAT performance were agility (R2=0.45, P<0.01) in the NPPE condition, as well as relative aerobic power, upper limb strength and agility in the WPPE condition (R2=0.81, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Different conditions of LC have distinct occupational performance predictors. Thus, considering LC, physical exercise programs aimed at improving police occupational performance should aim at improving agility, upper limb strength and aerobic fitness.

Acute responses of high-intensity circuit training in women: Low physical fitness levels show higher muscle damage / Respostas agudas de um circuito de treino de alta intensidade em mulheres: Níveis baixos de aptidão física apresentam maior dano muscular

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) elicits large improvements in health and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). HIIE can be applied with calisthenics exercises to improve strength and endurance. The acute effects of high-intensity circuit training (HICT) considering different CRF on myological variables are unknown. The aim was measure acute effects of HICT in young women considering different levels of CRF. Twelve women were allocated in two groups, who achieve 41mLO2•kg-1•min-1 or more= High Physical Fitness (HPF, n=5) and who achieve less than 41mLO2•kg-1•min-1= Low Physical Fitness (LPF,n=7). Protocol: 2x4 sets of 20 seconds at maximum intensity (all-out fashion) interspersed with 10 seconds of passive rest (jumping jacks, squat and thrust using 2kg dumbbells, mountain climber, and burpees). Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 15minutes, 30minutes, one hour and 24 hours after. Heart rate, serum myoglobin, lactate, and creatine kinase (CK) concentration were analyzed. The HR achieved 94.1±3.7% of HRmax for LPF and 104.5±20.3% for HPF, p=0.03. The mean of delta lactate was similar between groups. The highest myoglobin has reached at 1h after the exercise protocol, with 50.0±30.2 ng/mL for LPF and 36.9±9.25 ng/mL for HPF. The delta of total CK before and after the exercise protocol shows that the serum CK level in LPF was significantly higher than HPF group (p=0.042). HICT composed by calisthenic protocol produced elevated and similar effects on HRmax, serum lactate and myoglobin in the woman with HPF and LPF. However, LPF group presented higher muscle damage inferred by serum CK concentrations.

O exercício intermitente de alta intensidade(HIIE) melhora a saúde e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória(CRF). HIIE pode ser aplicado com exercícios calistênicos para melhorar a força e resistência. Os efeitos agudos do treinamento de alta intensidade(HICT) considerando diferentes CRF em variáveis miológicas são desconhecidos. O objetivo foi medir os efeitos agudos do HICT em mulheres jovens, considerando diferentes níveis de CRF. Elas foram alocadas pelo nível de VO2máx. em dois grupos, as que atingiram 41mLO2•kg-1•min-1 ou mais= alta aptidão física(HPF,n=5) e menos de 41mLO2•kg-1•min-1= baixo aptidão física(LPF,n=7). Protocolo: 2x4 séries de 20s com intensidade máxima (all-out) intercalados com 10s de repouso passivo (jumping jacks, squat and thrust usando halteres 2kg, mountain climber e burpees). Sangue foi coletado antes, zero, 15, 30min, 1h e 24hs depois. Foram analisadas, freqüência cardíaca, mioglobina sérica, lactato e creatina quinase (CK). A FC alcançou 94,1±3,7% da FCmax para LPF e 104,5±20,3% para HPF, p=0,03. A média do delta lactato foi semelhante entre os grupos. O pico de mioglobina foi 1h após o protocolo de exercício, com 50.0±30.2ng/mL para LPF e 36.9±9.25ng/mL para HPF. O delta de CK total antes e depois do protocolo de exercício mostra que o nível sérico de CK no LPF foi significativamente maior do que o grupo HPF(p=0,042). O HICT com exercícios calistênicos produziu efeitos elevados e semelhantes sobre FCmax, lactato sérico e mioglobina nas mulheres com alta e baixa aptidão física. No entanto, o grupo LPF apresentou maior dano muscular inferido pelas concentrações séricas de CK.

Associação entre prática religiosa e estilo de vida saudável em escolares de Pelotas, RS / Association between religious practice and healthy lifestyle in students from Pelotas, RS, Southern Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: Dentre as condutas que podem influenciar positivamente a adoção e sustentação de hábitos saudáveis está a prática religiosa ou influência de uma religião, em função da adoção de princípios éticos. OBJETIVO: O estudo objetivou associar prática religiosa e estilo de vida saudável em adolescentes de terceiro ano do ensino médio de duas escolas públicas de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional de caráter transversal, com amostra de 183 estudantes, com idade mínima de 15 anos, de ambos os sexos, matriculados em duas escolas públicas estaduais da cidade de Pelotas, selecionados por conveniência. Os escolares responderam a instrumento autoaplicado contendo 118 questões e os desfechos foram relacionados à prática religiosa. RESULTADOS: Houve associação limítrofe entre a variável idade que teve a primeira relação sexual e frequência ao culto religioso(p=0,05). Além disso, o estudo mostrou associações significantes entre ter recebido instrução religiosa e ingestão de álcool nos últimos 30 dias (p=0,03); e entre tempo assistindo televisão maior que duas horas e tempo de prática religiosa maior de 10 anos (p=0,04).CONCLUSÃO: O estudo encontrou associações distintas entre a prática religiosa e suas variáveis dependentes. Essa área de estudos deve ser investigada de forma mais abrangente, em amostras maiores e representativas, para que se possa ter evidências mais objetivas a respeito da prática religiosa e sua potencial influência sobre a saúde física dos indivíduos que professam cada tipo de crença religiosa.

INTRODUCTION: Among the approaches that can positively influence the adoption and maintenance of healthy habits, the religious practice or the influence of religion seems to be important due to the adoption of ethical principles. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the potential association between religious practice and healthy lifestyle among adolescents attending the last year of high school from two public schools in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 183 students, aged at least 15 years old, including boys and girls. The students answered a self administered instrument containing 118 questions; the outcomes were related to religious practice. RESULT: There was a borderline association between the age of sexual initiation and frequency toreligious cults (p=0.05). Moreover, the study showed significant associations between having received religious instruction and drinking alcohol in the last 30 days (p=0.03); and between watching TV for more than 2 hours and being engaged in religious practice for more than 10 years (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The study found different associations between religious practice and its dependent variables. This area of study should be more thoroughly investigated in larger, representative samples, so thatwe can provide more objective evidence about religious practice and its potential influence on the physical health of individuals who profess every sort of religious belief.