Heavy metals bioaccumulation in free-ranging South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) in Southeastern Brazil.

Anthropogenic activities are the main sources of soil, air, and water pollution by metals, including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), the metalloid arsenic (As), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). The goal of this study was to assess the presence and concentration of toxic (As, Cd, Pb, and Cr) and essential metals (Mg, Zn, and Cu) in the liver and kidneys from 96 free-ranging rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) from Minas Gerais (Brazil). Bioaccumulation of Cd and Pb were significantly higher in males and heavier rattlesnakes (those with body weight above the average of the study population). Average ± standard deviations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Mg, Zn, and As in the general population (n = 96) were 3.19 ± 2.52; 5.98 ± 8.49; 0.66 ± 1.97; 3.27 ± 2.85; 776.14 ± 2982.92; 27.44 ± 29.55; and 0.32 ± 1.46; respectively. Bioaccumulation of some metals correlated positively with changes in hematologic and serum biochemical parameters. Results of this study were contrasted with previous studies assessing metal bioaccumulation in other species of terrestrial or aquatic snakes. Considering their position in the food chain and the broad range of bioaccumulation of both toxic and essential metals observed in this study, rattlesnakes may function as highly relevant biological sentinels for environmental pollution.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with maize plants during hydric deficit.

The objective of this study was to verify the physiological behavior and development of maize plants under hydric deficit inoculated with the AMF Rhizophagus clarus and Claroideoglomus etunicatum and the commercial inoculant ROOTELLA BR in nonsterilized soil as a strategy to mitigate the effects of drought in the crop. Corn seeds were grown and inoculated with R. clarus, C. etunicatum and the commercial inoculant ROOTELLA BR separately at sowing. The plants were grown in a greenhouse and submitted to water deficit in stage V3, keeping the pots at 20% field capacity for 10 days. The first analyses were performed, followed by reirrigation for 2 days, and the analyses were performed again. The experiment was a double factorial, with 2 water treatments (irrigated and water deficit) × 4 inoculation treatments (control, ROOTELLA BR, R. clarus, C. etunicatum) × 5 replicates per treatment, totaling 40 vessels. The results indicate that the plants were able to recover favorably according to the physiological data presented. It is noted that in inoculated plants, there was no damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. These data demonstrate that AMF contribute greatly to better plant recovery after a dry period and a new irrigation period. Inoculation with AMF favors postwater stress recovery in plants.

Produção científica sobre qualidade e segurança na assistência obstétrica estudo bibliométrico / Scientific production on quality and safety in obstetric care: bibliometric study / Producción científica sobre calidad y seguridad en la atención obstétrica: estudio bibliométrico

Objetivo: analisar a frequência de palavras correlacionando com o título e resumo da produção científica sobre a qualidade e segurança na assistência obstétrica à luz da Lei de Zipf (frequência de palavras). Método: trata-se de um estudo bibliométrico, que possibilita compreender os padrões de produtividade científica ao longo dos anos. Realizaram-se buscas nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, Bdenf e SCOPUS (Elsivier) mediante utilização dos seguintes descritores oriundos do DeCS: obstetrícia/ obstetrics, segurança do paciente/ patient safety, qualidade dos serviços/ quality of health care; associou-se a esses termos o operador booleano AND. Resultados: após realizado o levantamento bibliométrico foram identificados 14 artigos relacionados que contemplaram à temática em estudo. Estes artigos estão publicados em 13 periódicos distintos. Conclusão: com base nos resultados apresentados, evidencia-se que, dentre os 14 artigos recrutados ­ desde 2014 a 2021, foram predominantes os estudos cuja abordagem relaciona-se intrinsecamente à temática qualidade e segurança na assistência obstétrica.

Objectives: to analyze the frequency of words correlating with the title and abstract of scientific production on quality and safety in obstetric care in the light of Zipf's Law (word frequency). Method: this is a bibliometric study, which makes it possible to understand the patterns of scientific productivity over the years. The databases LILACS, MEDLINE, Bdenf and SCOPUS (Elsivier) were searched using the following descriptors from DeCS: obstetrics, patient safety, quality of health care; the Boolean operator AND was associated with these terms. Results: after the bibliometric survey, 14 related articles were identified that covered the theme under study. These articles were published in 13 different journals. Conclusion: based on the results presented, it is evident that among the 14 articles recruited - from 2014 to 2021, there were predominant studies whose approach is intrinsically related to the theme of quality and safety in obstetric care.

Objetivos:analizar la frecuencia de palabras correlacionadas con el título y resumen de la producción científica sobre calidad y seguridad en la atención obstétrica a la luz de la Ley de Zipf (frecuencia de palabras). Método: se trata de un estudio bibliométrico, que permite comprender los patrones de productividad científica a lo largo de los años. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, Bdenf y SCOPUS (Elsivier) utilizando los siguientes descriptores del DeCS: obstetrics, patient safety, quality of health care; a estos términos se asoció el operador booleano AND. Resultados: tras el estudio bibliométrico, se identificaron 14 artículos relacionados que contemplaban el tema objeto de estudio. Estos artículos fueron publicados en 13 revistas diferentes. Conclusión: con base en los resultados presentados, se evidencia que, entre los 14 artículos reclutados - de 2014 a 2021, predominaron estudios cuyo abordaje está intrínsecamente relacionado con el tema calidad y seguridad en la atención obstétrica.

PARASITOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF FREE-RANGING SOUTH AMERICAN RATTLESNAKES (CROTALUS DURISSUS TERRIFICUS) IN BRAZIL.

This study assesses parasitism and pathologic manifestations in free-ranging Crotalus durissus terrificus. A total of 96 rattlesnakes from the State of Minas Gerais (southeast Brazil) were necropsied between September 2019 and February 2020. Granulomatous gastritis affected 48% (46 of 96) of the snakes evaluated, which were associated with the ascaridid nematodes Ophidascaris sp. and Hexametra sp. Other nematodes found included Kalicephalus costatus costatus and Kalicephalus inermis inermis (Diaphanocephalidae; 7%, 7 of 96) in the intestines, Serpentirhabdias sp. (Rhabdiasidae; 18%, 17 of 96) in the lungs, and Hastospiculum sp. (Diplotriaenidae; 2%, 2 of 96) encapsulated in the serosa of the mesentery. Larval cestodes, probably spargana of Spirometra sp. (Diphyllobothriidae; 2%, 2 of 96), were found in the skeletal muscle and unidentified acanthocephalan cystacanths (Oligacanthorhynchidae; 5%, 5 of 96) in the subcutis and coelomic cavity. The pentastome Porocephalus crotali (Porocephalidae; 2%, 2 of 96) was also found in the lungs. Microscopically, intestinal disease was caused by Sarcocystis sp. (7%, 7 of 96), Cryptosporidium sp. (1%, 1 of 96), and Entamoeba sp. (1%, 1 of 96) and fungi (7%, 7 of 96). In addition, hemoparasites such as Hepatozoon spp. (23%, 22 of 96) and Trypanosoma sp. (1%, 1 of 96) were observed in blood smears. This study expands the knowledge of diseases, parasites, and other infectious agents affecting free-ranging C. durissus terrificus in Brazil.

Cancer surveillance in Mato Grosso, Brazil: methodological and operational aspects of a university extension/research project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodological and operational aspects of the "Project for surveillance of cancer and its associated factors: population-based and hospital-based registry" (VIGICAN), in the state of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. METHODS: VIGICAN was divided into two projects: a university extension one, which updated the data from the Population-based Cancer Registry (PBCR) of MT in the 2008-2016 period; and a research project, which collected primary data, through individual interviews and analysis of medical records of people with a diagnosis of cancer, aged 18 years or older, treated at reference hospitals for oncology. To analyze the factors associated with cancer, the following variables were collected: socioeconomic and demographic, social support, health status and behavior, and environmental exposure. RESULTS: In the 2008-2016 period, approximately one hundred thousand cases of cancer (incident and prevalent) were reported in the PBCR Cuiabá and PBCR Interior. After validation procedures, 50 thousand incident cases were elected. The survey interviewed 1,012 patients, 38.2% living in the municipalities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, 60.4% in small cities of the state, and 1.4% in other states. Preliminary data showed that the majority were women (55.0%) and younger than 60 years of age (54.3%). Among the interviewees, 7.2% reported smoking tobacco, 15.5% consumed alcoholic beverages (15.5%), and 32.7% lived nearby crops. CONCLUSION: The development of these projects allowed the integration of education with health services and will enable the recognition of specificities and different exposure scenarios and factors associated with cancer in the Mato Grosso territory.

Trend analysis of lung cancer incidence and mortality in Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2000 to 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To analyses lung cancer incidence and mortality trends to gender and age group in Grande Cuiabá between 2000 to 2016. METHODS: Study of times series applying incidence data from the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Cuiabá, and mortality data from Mortality Information System. Annual Percentage Change and the Average Annual Percentage Change were calculated in the incidence and mortality rate through the Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: It was observed between men a decrease of -2,2% in the overall incidence of lung cancer during the term of 2000-2016 and by age range: 40 to 49 years (-4,2%), 60 to 69 years (-2,0%) and 70 to 79 years (-9,4%), in this last age group it was between 2000-2009. The general mortality was stable on historical series, nonetheless, a decline between men of 50 to 59 years (-3,5%) among 2006 to 2016 and of 70 to 79 years among 2002-20011 (-6,3%) were observed. The incidence trends among female individuals maintained stable whereas the overall mortality trends had an increase of 7,2% between 2000-2012 and decrease of -34,1% between 2012-2016. Amid women from 50 to 79 years, there was a raise, ranging from 3,5% to 3,9% between 2000-2016. CONCLUSIONS: There is an evident disparity between the trends analysis of incidence and mortality of lung cancer among men and women, that can be explained by changes in smoking over time, for example, the adherence or not of the smoking withdraw program besides social, cultural, economics differences and even biological.

Factors associated with functional disability in older adults with cancer treated at reference outpatient clinics in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors associated with functional disability in older adults with cancer treated at reference outpatient clinics in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 463 older adults aged 60 years or older. The outcome variable was functional disability, evaluated by Lawton and Brody's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale. The independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, social support, and health aspects. We performed bivariate and multivariate analyses and calculated prevalence ratios (PR) using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of IADL functional disability was 55.3%. The variables associated with this disability in the multivariate analysis were: not working (PR=1.36; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI 1.03-1.78); low (PR=1.49; 95%CI 1.10-2.03) and moderate (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.04-1.64) perceived affectionate support; depressive symptoms (PR=1.31; 95%CI 1.10-1.56); malnutrition (PR=1.28; 95%CI 1.03-1.59); having two or more comorbidities (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.03-1.64), and having a companion to health services (PR=1.39; 95%CI 1.05-1.83). CONCLUSION: In addition to physical health aspects, comorbidities, and malnutrition, functional disability was associated with emotional, social support, and work issues, reinforcing the importance of comprehensive care and actions to maintain and recover functional capacity, promoting a better quality of life, the independence of older adults with cancer, and a reduced risk of adverse biopsychosocial outcomes.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus improves physiological tolerance to drought stress in soybean plants.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an economically important crop, and is cultivated worldwide, although increasingly long periods of drought have reduced the productivity of this plant. Research has shown that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provides a potential alternative strategy for the mitigation of drought stress. In the present study, we measured the physiological and morphological performance of two soybean cultivars in symbiosis with Rhizophagus clarus that were subjected to drought stress (DS). The soybean cultivars Anta82 and Desafio were grown in pots inoculated with R. clarus. Drought stress was imposed at the V3 development stage and maintained for 7 days. A control group, with well-irrigated plants and no AMF, was established simultaneously in the greenhouse. The mycorrhizal colonization rate, and the physiological, morphological, and nutritional traits of the plants were recorded at days 3 and 7 after drought stress conditions were implemented. The Anta82 cultivar presented the highest percentage of AMF colonization, and N and K in the leaves, whereas the DS group of the Desafio cultivar had the highest water potential and water use efficiency, and the DS + AMF group had thermal dissipation that permitted higher values of Fv/Fm, A, and plant height. The results of the principal components analysis demonstrated that both cultivars inoculated with AMF performed similarly under DS to the well-watered plants. These findings indicate that AMF permitted the plant to reduce the impairment of growth and physiological traits caused by drought conditions.

Assistência de enfermagem e adesão à terapia antirretroviral / Nursing assistance and adherence to antiretroviral therapy / Asistencia de enfermería y adherencia a la terapia antiretroviral

Objetivo: analisar a classificação da adesão e a organização da assistência de enfermagem em serviços especializados. Método: estudo avaliativo e transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em cinco Serviços de Assistência Especializada em HIV de Pernambuco, Brasil. Participaram 358 adultos em uso de antirretrovirais e os respectivos enfermeiros dos serviços. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois instrumentos validados e analisados a partir dos testes estatísticos. Resultados: houve prevalência de uma regular e baixa adesão à terapia antirretrovital. (41,1% e 39,4%, respectivamente). Evidenciou-se que o nível de avaliação da assistência de enfermagem não foi determinante para o escores da adesão. Conclusão: o resultado encontrado no estudo é preocupante, visto a que adesão predominante foi regular. Desenvolver a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem nos serviços especializados deve ser estimulado com vistas à promoção da adesão medicamentosa

Objective: to analyze the classification of adherence and the organization of nursing care in specialized services. Method: evaluative and cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, carried out in five Specialized HIV Care Services in Pernambuco, Brazil. Participated 358 adults using antiretrovirals and the respective service nurses. Data were collected using two validated instruments and analyzed using statistical tests. Results: there was a prevalence of regular and low adherence to antiretrovital therapy. (41.1% and 39.4%, respectively). It was evident that the level of assessment of nursing care was not decisive for the adherence scores. Conclusion: the result found in the study is worrying, since the predominant adherence was regular. Developing the systematization of nursing care in specialized services should be encouraged with a view to promoting medication adherence

Objetivo: analizar la clasificación de adherencia y la organización del cuidado de enfermería en servicios especializados. Método: Estudio evaluativo y transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en cinco servicios especializados de atención del VIH en Pernambuco, Brasil. Participaron 358 adultos usando antirretrovirales y las respectivas enfermeras de servicio. Los datos fueron recolectados usando dos instrumentos validados y analizados usando pruebas estadísticas. Resultados: hubo una prevalencia de adherencia regular y baja al tratamiento antirretrovital. (41,1% y 39,4%, respectivamente). Era evidente que el nivel de evaluación de los cuidados de enfermería no fue decisivo para los puntajes de adherencia. Conclusión: el resultado encontrado en el estudio es preocupante, ya que la adherencia predominante fue regular. Se debe fomentar el desarrollo de la sistematización de la atención de enfermería en servicios especializados con el fin de promover la adherencia a la medicación

Trend analysis of lung cancer incidence and mortality in Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2000 to 2016 / Análise de tendência da incidência e da mortalidade por câncer de pulmão na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2000 a 2016

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyses lung cancer incidence and mortality trends to gender and age group in Grande Cuiabá between 2000 to 2016. Methods: Study of times series applying incidence data from the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Cuiabá, and mortality data from Mortality Information System. Annual Percentage Change and the Average Annual Percentage Change were calculated in the incidence and mortality rate through the Joinpoint regression. Results: It was observed between men a decrease of -2,2% in the overall incidence of lung cancer during the term of 2000-2016 and by age range: 40 to 49 years (-4,2%), 60 to 69 years (-2,0%) and 70 to 79 years (-9,4%), in this last age group it was between 2000-2009. The general mortality was stable on historical series, nonetheless, a decline between men of 50 to 59 years (-3,5%) among 2006 to 2016 and of 70 to 79 years among 2002-20011 (-6,3%) were observed. The incidence trends among female individuals maintained stable whereas the overall mortality trends had an increase of 7,2% between 2000-2012 and decrease of -34,1% between 2012-2016. Amid women from 50 to 79 years, there was a raise, ranging from 3,5% to 3,9% between 2000-2016. Conclusions: There is an evident disparity between the trends analysis of incidence and mortality of lung cancer among men and women, that can be explained by changes in smoking over time, for example, the adherence or not of the smoking withdraw program besides social, cultural, economics differences and even biological.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as tendências de incidência e de mortalidade por câncer de pulmão por sexo e faixa etária, na Grande Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, entre 2000 e 2016. Métodos: Estudo de séries temporais utilizando informações de incidência do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional Cuiabá e de mortalidade do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram calculadas a variação percentual anual e a variação percentual média anual das taxas de incidência e de mortalidade, pela regressão por joinpoint. Resultados: Observou-se entre homens decréscimo de -2,2% na incidência geral de câncer de pulmão entre 2000-2016 e por faixa etária: 40 a 49 anos (-4,2%), 60 a 69 anos (-2%) e 70 a 79 anos (-9,4%), sendo nesta última faixa entre 2000-2009. A mortalidade geral foi estável na série histórica, porém verificou-se decréscimo entre os homens de 50 a 59 anos (-3,5%) entre 2006-2016 e de 70 a 79 anos entre 2002-2011 (-6,3%). Para as mulheres, as tendências de incidência mantiveram-se estáveis, enquanto nas tendências de mortalidade geral houve aumento de 7,2% entre 2000-2012 e decréscimo de -34,1% entre 2012-2016. Entre mulheres de 50 a 79 anos, houve aumento, variando de 3,5 a 3,9% entre 2000-2016. Conclusão: Existe evidente disparidade nas análises de tendências de incidência e de mortalidade de câncer de pulmão entre homens e mulheres, que pode ser explicada por mudanças do tabagismo ao longo do tempo, por exemplo, adesão ou não ao programa de abandono do tabagismo, além de diferenças sociais, culturais, econômicas e até mesmo biológicas.

Factors associated with functional disability in older adults with cancer treated at reference outpatient clinics in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil / Fatores associados à incapacidade funcional em idosos com câncer atendidos em ambulatórios de referência no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze factors associated with functional disability in older adults with cancer treated at reference outpatient clinics in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 463 older adults aged 60 years or older. The outcome variable was functional disability, evaluated by Lawton and Brody's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale. The independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, social support, and health aspects. We performed bivariate and multivariate analyses and calculated prevalence ratios (PR) using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: The prevalence of IADL functional disability was 55.3%. The variables associated with this disability in the multivariate analysis were: not working (PR=1.36; 95% confidence interval — 95%CI 1.03-1.78); low (PR=1.49; 95%CI 1.10-2.03) and moderate (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.04-1.64) perceived affectionate support; depressive symptoms (PR=1.31; 95%CI 1.10-1.56); malnutrition (PR=1.28; 95%CI 1.03-1.59); having two or more comorbidities (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.03-1.64), and having a companion to health services (PR=1.39; 95%CI 1.05-1.83). Conclusion: In addition to physical health aspects, comorbidities, and malnutrition, functional disability was associated with emotional, social support, and work issues, reinforcing the importance of comprehensive care and actions to maintain and recover functional capacity, promoting a better quality of life, the independence of older adults with cancer, and a reduced risk of adverse biopsychosocial outcomes.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados à incapacidade funcional em idosos com câncer atendidos em ambulatórios de referência do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 463 idosos de 60 anos ou mais. A variável desfecho foi a incapacidade funcional, avaliada por meio da Escala de Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD) desenvolvida por Lawton e Brody. As variáveis independentes foram características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, apoio social e condições de saúde. Foram realizadas análises bivariada e múltipla, calculando-se as razões de prevalência (RP), com o uso de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: A prevalência de incapacidade funcional para as AIVD foi de 55,3%. As variáveis que se associaram a essa incapacidade na análise múltipla foram: não trabalhar (RP=1,36, intervalo de confiança — IC95% 1,03-1,78); percepção de apoio afetivo baixo (RP=1,49; IC95% 1,10-2,03) e médio (RP=1,30; IC95% 1,04-1,64); sintomas depressivos (RP=1,31; IC95% 1,10-1,56); desnutrição (RP=1,28; IC95% 1,03-1,59); ter duas ou mais comorbidades (RP=1,30; IC95% 1,03-1,64) e ter acompanhante aos serviços de saúde (RP=1,39; IC95% 1,05-1,83). Conclusão: Além das condições de saúde física, comorbidade e desnutrição, as questões emocionais, de apoio social e trabalho associaram-se à incapacidade funcional, reforçando a importância de uma atenção integral e de ações de manutenção e recuperação da capacidade funcional, promovendo maior qualidade de vida, a independência do idoso com câncer e a redução do risco de desfechos adversos em âmbito biopsicossocial.

Cancer surveillance in Mato Grosso, Brazil: methodological and operational aspects of a university extension/research project / Vigilância do câncer em Mato Grosso, Brasil: aspectos metodológicos e operacionais de um projeto de extensão/pesquisa

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the methodological and operational aspects of the "Project for surveillance of cancer and its associated factors: population-based and hospital-based registry" (VIGICAN), in the state of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. Methods: VIGICAN was divided into two projects: a university extension one, which updated the data from the Population-based Cancer Registry (PBCR) of MT in the 2008-2016 period; and a research project, which collected primary data, through individual interviews and analysis of medical records of people with a diagnosis of cancer, aged 18 years or older, treated at reference hospitals for oncology. To analyze the factors associated with cancer, the following variables were collected: socioeconomic and demographic, social support, health status and behavior, and environmental exposure. Results: In the 2008-2016 period, approximately one hundred thousand cases of cancer (incident and prevalent) were reported in the PBCR Cuiabá and PBCR Interior. After validation procedures, 50 thousand incident cases were elected. The survey interviewed 1,012 patients, 38.2% living in the municipalities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, 60.4% in small cities of the state, and 1.4% in other states. Preliminary data showed that the majority were women (55.0%) and younger than 60 years of age (54.3%). Among the interviewees, 7.2% reported smoking tobacco, 15.5% consumed alcoholic beverages (15.5%), and 32.7% lived nearby crops. Conclusion: The development of these projects allowed the integration of education with health services and will enable the recognition of specificities and different exposure scenarios and factors associated with cancer in the Mato Grosso territory.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever os aspectos metodológicos e operacionais do projeto "Vigilância do câncer e seus fatores associados: registro de base populacional e hospitalar" (VIGICAN), em Mato Grosso (MT). Métodos: O VIGICAN desdobrou-se em dois projetos: um de extensão, que atualizou os dados dos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional (RCBP) de Mato Grosso no período de 2008 a 2016; e um de pesquisa, que coletou dados primários por meio de entrevistas individuais e análise de prontuários de pessoas com diagnóstico de câncer, com 18 anos ou mais, atendidas em hospitais de referência para oncologia. Para analisar os fatores associados ao câncer, foram coletadas as seguintes variáveis: socioeconômicas e demográficas, suporte social, situação e comportamentos de saúde e exposição ambiental. Resultados: No período de 2008 a 2016, foram notificados nos RCBP Cuiabá e Interior, aproximadamente, 100 mil casos de câncer (incidentes e prevalentes). Após os procedimentos de validação, foram eleitos 50 mil casos incidentes. A pesquisa entrevistou 1.012 pacientes, sendo 38,2% residentes nos municípios de Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, 60,4% no interior do Estado e 1,4% em outros Estados. Os dados preliminares revelaram que a maioria era do sexo feminino (55,0%) e tinha menos de 60 anos (54,3%). Entre os entrevistados, 7,2% relataram fumar tabaco, 15,5% consumiam bebidas alcoólicas (15,5%) e 32,7% moravam próximo a lavouras. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento desses projetos permitiu a integração do ensino com os serviços de saúde e possibilitará o reconhecimento das especificidades e dos diferentes cenários de exposição ao câncer, bem como fatores associados a ele, no território mato-grossense.

Qualidade de vida de idosos em tratamento hemodialítico / Calidad de vida de los ancianos sometidos a hemodiálisis / Quality of life of the elderly undergoing hemodialysis

Objetivo: analisar a qualidade de vida de idosos em tratamento em um centro de hemodiálise no município de Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Método: estudo de corte transversal realizado com 35 idosos. Aplicaram-se instrumentos para caracterização sociodemográfica e avaliação de condições de saúde - Kidney Disease and Quality-of-Life Short-Form. Resultados: a maioria era homem entre 60 e 69 anos de idade, 51,43% dos pacientes avaliaram positivamente a sua saúde e 77,14% referiram dificuldades para realizar atividades que exigiam maior esforço físico. As alterações observadas em decorrência do tratamento limitaram a realização de atividades básicas e instrumentais. Em contrapartida, não foram identificadas alterações significativas no sono. Conclusão: os resultados satisfatórios nas variáveis estímulo da equipe de diálise, função social, estado geral de saúde e qualidade do sono contribuíram para a qualidade de vida da amostra estudada.

Objetivo: analizar la calidad de vida de las personas mayores en tratamiento en un centro de hemodiálisis en el municipio de Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 35 ancianos. Se aplicaron instrumentos para la caracterización sociodemográfica y la evaluación de las condiciones de salud - Kidney Disease and Quality-of-Life Short-Form. Resultados: la mayoría fueron hombres entre 60 y 69 años de edad, el 51,43% de los pacientes evaluaron positivamente su salud y el 77,14% reportaron dificultades en la realización de actividades que requirieron mayor esfuerzo físico. Las alteraciones observadas como consecuencia del tratamiento limitaron la realización de actividades básicas e instrumentales. Por otro lado, no se identificaron cambios significativos en el sueño. Conclusión: los resultados satisfactorios en las variables estimulación del equipo de diálisis, función social, estado general de salud y calidad del sueño contribuyeron a la calidad de vida de la muestra estudiada.

Objective: to analyze the quality of life of elderly people undergoing treatment at a hemodialysis center in the municipality of Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Method: cross-sectional study conducted with 35 elderly people. Instruments were applied for sociodemographic characterization and evaluation of health conditions - Kidney Disease and Quality-of-Life Short-Form. Results: the majority were men between 60 and 69 years of age, 51.43% of the patients positively evaluated their health and 77.14% reported difficulties in performing activities that required greater physical effort. The alterations observed as a result of the treatment limited the performance of basic and instrumental activities. On the other hand, no significant changes in sleep were identified. Conclusion: the satisfactory results in the variables stimulation of the dialysis team, social function, general health status and sleep quality contributed to the quality of life of the sample studied.

Social representations of HIV/AIDS among seropositive pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the representational contents of pregnant women living with HIV. METHOD: Exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study, conducted with pregnant women with HIV from August 2017 to January 2018. Semi-structured interview was opted for. The IRAMUTEQ software was used for analysis, organizing the data into 2 blocks: a) moment of discovery, impacts, representational contents of HIV; and b) representational contents in living with the disease. RESULTS: The participating pregnant women amounted to 25. Initially, the social representation of HIV translated the representation of death; however, this construction changes as women understand information of the pathology, which starts to be seen as a disease which demands more care. CONCLUSION: The conception of HIV as frightful is mainly due to concern about transmission to the fetus. The resignification of HIV was perceived among pregnant women, which favors new behaviors and attitudes towards the representational contents related to a deeper knowledge about the virus, demystifying the idea that this is a deadly disease.

Therapeutic itinerary of transsexual people in light of human rights.

BACKGROUND: The therapeutic itinerary is not limited to the identification and availability of health services offered, but relates to the different individual searches and sociocultural and economic possibilities of each patient. In this study, we discuss the therapeutic itinerary of transsexual people seeking healthcare, from the user's perspective. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to discuss the therapeutic itinerary of transsexual people seeking healthcare, from the user's perspective. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Individual interviews were performed with 10 transsexuals at the Trans Space of a University Hospital of Pernambuco, using the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the theoretical reference and the Bardin's thematic content analysis as the reference methodological framework. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the Federal University of Pernambuco under protocol no. 91284218.5.0000.5208. FINDINGS: The comprehensive care for transsexual people was evidenced through four categories analyzed: low demand of transsexuals in health services; use of social name in health services; care permeated by prejudiced and discriminatory attitudes; and health system and professionals who are not able to meet transgender health issues. DISCUSSION: Transsexual people are stigmatized and experience prejudice in their daily health, in a way they do not enjoy fundamental rights, as if they had fewer rights, or infringe the principle of universality of access to health. Thus, for effective and comprehensive care, the health team must keep up to date on the public policies existing in the healthcare of transsexual people and reconstruct what they understand by gender. CONCLUSION: Knowledge about the therapeutic itinerary of transgender people may support evaluation processes of health service networks to ensure the access to and reorganization of these services. Understanding this dynamic allows fostering discussions about the structure of health services at all care levels for the care of this population.

Fatores associados à autoeficácia e à adesão da terapia antirretroviral em pessoas com hiv: teoria social cognitiva / Factores asociados a la autoeficacia y adhesión de la terapia an-tirretroviral en personas con vih: teoría cognitiva social / Factors associated with self-efficacy and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in people with hiv: cognitive social theory

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a adesão à terapia antirretroviral e a expectativa de autoeficácia em pessoas vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) à luz da teoria social cognitiva. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, epidemiológico e quantitativo com pessoas vivendo com o HIV. Dados foram coletados de abril a setembro de 2018, através do "Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral" (CEAT-VIH) e a escala de expectativa de autoeficácia, validada e desenvolvida no Brasil, onde foi utilizado o teste Mann-Whitney. Foi aplicado o modelo de Poisson para avaliação da probabilidade de boa adesão ao instrumento CEAT-VIH. Resultados: identificou-se a média de idade de 44 anos, predomínio de homens. A adesão regular apresentou maior representatividade. A maior mediana da adesão encontrada foi para as questões relacionadas à experiência, efeitos e sentimentos negativos. No ajuste do modelo de Poisson, segundo o instrumento CEAT-VIH, verifica-se que apenas a escolaridade e a categoria relativa à atenção, à organização e ao planejamento para tomada da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) são fatores conjuntamente determinantes para boa adesão. Conclusão: observou-se a não adesão satisfatória ao tratamento medicamentoso, fato que se deve a fatores inerentes à TARV, como vulnerabilidade social, estigma e as relações de expectativa de autoeficácia, comprometendo a manutenção da sobrevida com maior morbidade e interferindo na qualidade de vida.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la adhesión a la terapia antirretroviral y la expectativa de autoeficacia en personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) a la luz de la teoría cognitiva social. Métodos: estudio transver-sal, descriptivo, epidemiológico y cuantitativo con personas viviendo con el VIH. Datos recolectados de abril a septiembre de 2018, a través del Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral (CEAT-VIH) y la escala de expectativa de autoeficacia, validada y desarrollada en Brasil, para ello fue utilizada la Prueba de Mann-Whitney. Se aplicó el modelo de Poisson para evaluar la probabilidad de una buena adhesión al CEAT-VIH. Resultados: fue identificado un promedio de edad de 44 años, predominio de hombres. La adhesión regular presentó mayor representatividad. El mayor promedio de la adhesión encontrado fue para las cuestiones relacionadas a experiencia, efectos y sentimientos negativos. En el ajuste del modelo de Poisson, según el CEAT-VIH se verifica que solo la escolaridad y la categoría atención, organización y planificación para toma de la tera-pia antirretroviral (TARV) son factores conjuntamente determinantes para buena adhesión. Conclusión: se obser-vó la no adhesión satisfactoria al tratamiento medicamentoso, hecho que se debe a factores inherentes a la TARV, como vulnerabilidad social, estigma y las relaciones de expectativa de autoeficacia, comprometiendo el manteni-miento de la supervivencia con mayor morbilidad e interfiriendo en la calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the self-efficacy expectation in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the light of social cognitive theory. Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive, epidemiological and quantitative study with people living with HIV. Data were collected from April to September 2018, through the "Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al TratamientoAntirretroviral" (CEAT-VIH) and the self-efficacy expectation scale, validated and developed in Brazil, where the Mann-Whitney test was used. The Poisson model was applied to assess the probability of good adherence to the CEAT-HIV tool. Results: the average age of 44 years was identified, with a predominance of men. Regular adherence was more representative. The highest median of adherence found was for the questions related to experience, effects and negative feelings. When adjusting the Poisson model, according to the CEAT-HIV tool, it appears that only education and the category related to attention, organization and planning to take antiretroviral therapy (ART) are jointly determining factors for good adherence. Conclusion: it was noticed a satisfactory non-adherence to medication treatment, a fact that is due to factors inherent to the ART, such as social vulnerability, stigma and relationships of self-efficacy expectation, undermining the maintenance of survival with greater morbidity and interfering with quality of life.

Social representations of HIV/AIDS among seropositive pregnant women / Representaciones sociales del VIH/SIDA entre mujeres embarazadas seropositivas / Representações sociais do HIV/AIDS entre gestantes soropositivas

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the representational contents of pregnant women living with HIV. Method: Exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study, conducted with pregnant women with HIV from August 2017 to January 2018. Semi-structured interview was opted for. The IRAMUTEQ software was used for analysis, organizing the data into 2 blocks: a) moment of discovery, impacts, representational contents of HIV; and b) representational contents in living with the disease. Results: The participating pregnant women amounted to 25. Initially, the social representation of HIV translated the representation of death; however, this construction changes as women understand information of the pathology, which starts to be seen as a disease which demands more care. Conclusion: The conception of HIV as frightful is mainly due to concern about transmission to the fetus. The resignification of HIV was perceived among pregnant women, which favors new behaviors and attitudes towards the representational contents related to a deeper knowledge about the virus, demystifying the idea that this is a deadly disease.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los contenidos representacionales de mujeres embarazadas que viven con el VIH. Método: Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva y cualitativa realizada con mujeres embarazadas con VIH entre agosto de 2017 y enero de 2018. Se optó por entrevistas semiestructuradas. Para el análisis, se utilizó el software IRAMUTEQ, organizando los datos en dos bloques: a) momento del descubrimiento, impactos y contenidos representacionales del VIH; y b) contenidos representacionales de la convivencia con la enfermedad. Resultados: Participaron 25 mujeres embarazadas. Inicialmente, se observó que la representación social del VIH traduce la representación de la muerte; sin embargo, la construcción cambia a medida que las mujeres comprenden la información sobre la patología, que comienza a ser vista como una enfermedad que requiere mayores cuidados. Conclusión: El VIH aún se concibe como algo digno de miedo, principalmente debido al temor de transmitirlo al feto. Se constata la resignificación del VIH entre las mujeres embarazadas, algo que favorece nuevos comportamientos y actitudes a partir de contenidos representacionales relativos al conocimiento más profundo sobre el virus y desmitifica la idea de que se trata de una enfermedad mortal.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os conteúdos representacionais de gestantes vivendo com o HIV. Método: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com gestantes com HIV entre agosto de 2017 e janeiro de 2018. Optou-se por entrevista semiestruturada. Para a análise se utilizou o software IRAMUTEQ, organizando os dados em 2 blocos: a) momento da descoberta, impactos e conteúdos representacionais do HIV; e b) conteúdos representacionais no viver com a doença. Resultados: Participaram 25 gestantes. Inicialmente, observou-se que a representação social do HIV traduz a representação da morte; porém, essa construção se altera à medida que as mulheres compreendem as informações sobre a patologia e esta passa a ser vista como uma doença que requer maiores cuidados. Conclusão: Ainda se concebe o HIV como algo digno de temor, principalmente devido ao receio de transmiti-lo ao feto. Constatou-se a ressignificação do HIV entre as gestantes, algo que favorece novos comportamentos e atitudes diante de conteúdos representacionais relativos ao conhecimento mais aprofundado sobre o vírus e desmistifica a ideia de que se trata de uma doença mortal.

Vulnerabilidade e Declínio Funcional em pessoas idosas da Atenção Primária à Saúde: estudo longitudinal / Vulnerability and Functional Decline in older people in Primary Health Care: a longitudinal study

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a associação da vulnerabilidade e o declínio funcional para Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD) em pessoas idosas atendidas em unidades da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no município de Várzea Grande (MT), Brasil. Método Estudo longitudinal realizado com 304 pessoas idosas, com acompanhamento de 24 meses. A variável de exposição principal, vulnerabilidade, foi mensurada na linha de base utilizando-se o Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES-13). A variável dependente foi "declínio funcional em AIVD", definido como a diminuição de pelo menos um ponto no score de capacidade funcional, avaliada pela Escala de Lawton e Brody, entre a coleta da linha de base e o follow-up. As associações entre declínio funcional em AIVD e vulnerabilidade, condições de saúde, fatores sociodemográficos, autoavaliação de saúde, estilo de vida e eventos adversos em saúde foram estimadas por meio do Odds Ratio (OR), utilizando regressão logística binária. Resultados 35,20% das pessoas idosas apresentaram declínio da capacidade funcional em AIVD. O declínio funcional se associou no modelo final com a interação entre vulnerabilidade e inatividade física (OR=3,12, IC95%, 1,42-6,86), insatisfação com a vida (OR=2,23, IC95%, 1,09-4,56) e hospitalização (OR=2,01, IC95%, 1,18-3,41). Conclusão O declínio funcional em AIVD foi maior nas pessoas idosas vulneráveis que estavam inativas fisicamente, naquelas insatisfeitas com a vida e que foram hospitalizadas durante o período de seguimento, sendo importante que essas condições sejam identificadas precocemente, para que ações de prevenção de declínio funcional sejam implementadas, além dos programas de incentivo à prática de atividade física pelas pessoas idosas.

Abstract Objective To assess the association between vulnerability and functional decline for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) in older people treated in Primary Health Care (PHC) units in the municipality of Várzea Grande (MT), Brazil. Method A longitudinal study was carried out with 304 older people with a 24-month follow-up. The main exposure variable vulnerability was measured at baseline using the Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES-13). The dependent variable was "functional decline in IADL" defined as the decrease of at least one point in the score of functional capacity assessed by the Lawton and Brody Scale between baseline evaluation and the end of follow-up. The associations between the functional decline in IADL and vulnerability, health conditions, sociodemographic factors, self-rated health, lifestyle, and adverse health events were estimated using the Odds Ratio (OR) with binary logistic regression. Results A decline in functional capacity in IADL was observed in 35,20% of the cohort members. In the final model, functional decline was associated with the interaction between vulnerability and physical inactivity (OR = 3.12, 95%CI, 1.42-6.86), dissatisfaction with life (OR = 2.23, 95%CI, 1.09-4.56), and hospitalization (OR = 2.01, 95%CI, 1.18-3.41). Conclusion Functional decline in IADL was greater in vulnerable older people who were physically inactive, in those dissatisfied with life, and those who were hospitalized during the follow-up period. These conditions must be identified early so that actions to prevent functional decline could be implemented in addition to programs to encourage older people to exercise.

Adesão à terapia antirretroviral em mulheres: influência do perfil clínico e comportamental de saúde

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral en mujeres viviendo con VIH desde el perfil clínico y de salud conductual. Material y Método: Estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, transversal con abordaje cuantitativo. La población estuvo conformada por mujeres viviendo con VIH que son atendidas por Servicios de Atención Especializada (SAE) en VIH en cinco municipios ubicados en la I Gerencia Regional de Salud (GERES) de Pernambuco, Brasil. El estudio se muestreó mediante el método no probabilístico, un sorteo aleatorio, con el objetivo de alcanzar una representación del 30% del total de servicios registrados en el I GERES. Los participantes del estudio compusieron la muestra, también utilizando un método no probabilístico por conveniencia, por lo que 184 mujeres que viven con el VIH fueron parte del estudio. La recolección de datos se realizó en el intersticio entre junio y agosto de 2018. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral (CEAT-HIV) para medir la adherencia de los participantes. Resultados: Hubo una mayor prevalencia de buena adherencia: el grupo que se ajusta al nivel de educación superior incompleta/ completa tiene 1,69 veces más prevalencia de adherencia a la Terapia Antirretroviral (TAR); las mujeres no sexualmente activas tienen un 103% más de posibilidades de una buena adherencia; y aquellos cuyos registros médicos no contienen información sobre abandono del TAR: 94%. Conclusión: A la luz de los desafíos actuales asociados a la adherencia al TAR, se ha resaltado la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias sociales dirigidas a las mujeres que viven con el VIH con el fin de promover una mejor calidad de vida para esta población.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a adesão à terapia antirretroviral em mulheres vivendo com HIV a partir do perfil clínico e comportamental de saúde. Material e Método: Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. A população foi composta por mulheres que vivem com HIV que são assistidas pelos Serviços de Assistência Especializada (SAEs) em HIV em cinco municípios localizados na I Gerência Regional de Saúde (GERES) de Pernambuco, Brasil. A amostragem do estudo ocorreu por intermédio do método não probabilístico, um sorteio aleatório, com o intuito de atingir um representação de 30% do total de serviços adscritos na I GERES. Os participantes do estudo compuseram a amostra, também a partir de um método não probabilístico por conveniência, por tanto, 184 mulheres vivendo com HIV fizeram parte do estudo. A coleta de dados ocorreu no interstício compreendido entre junho a agosto de 2018. Utilizou-se o Cuestionario Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral (CEAT-VIH) para mensurar a adesão das participantes. Resultados: Apresentaram maior prevalência para uma boa adesão: o grupo que se enquadra no nível de instrução superior incompleto/completo apresenta 1,69 vezes mais prevalência de adesão à Terapia Antirretroviral (TARV); mulheres não ativas sexualmente apresentam 103% de chances a mais para uma boa adesão; e aquelas em que cujo prontuário não consta informação de abandono à TARV: 94%. Conclusão: À luz dos desafios atuais associados à adesão à TARV, tem-se evidenciado a necessidade da elaboração de estratégias de cunho social destinadas a mulheres vivendo com HIV a fim de promover melhor qualidade de vida a essa população.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) among women living with HIV from a clinical and behavioral health profile. Material and Methods: Epidemiological, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach. The population consisted of women living with HIV, who are assisted by the Specialized HIV Care Services (SAEs) in five municipalities located in the I Regional Health Management Center (GERES) of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The sampling of the study was carried out through a non-probabilistic method (random drawing) in order to reach a representation of 30% of the total number of services enrolled in the I GERES. The sample was also set up using a non-probabilistic method by convenience, so 184 women living with HIV were part of the study. Data collection occurred between June and August 2018. The Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral (CEAT-VIH) was used to measure the adherence of the participants. Results: The group that falls in the incomplete/complete higher education level has 1.69 times more prevalence of adherence to ART, non-sexually active women present 103 % chances for good adherence; and those whose medical record does not contain information on abandonment of ART: 94%. Conclusion: Considering the current challenges associated with adherence to ART, there is a clear need to develop social strategies aimed at women living with HIV in order to promote better quality of life for this population.

Fadiga de alarmes em bombas de infusão no contexto pediátrico: revisão integrativa / Alarm fatigue in infusion pumps in the pediatric context: integrative review / Fatiga de alarma en bombas de infusión en el contexto pediátrico: revisión integrativa

Objetivo: identificar as causas da fadiga de alarmes em estudos de usabilidade de bomba de infusão em terapia intensiva pediátrica. Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, IBECS, SCOPUS e MEDLINE. Resultados: Foram identificadas 1.164 publicações e selecionados seis estudos primários que emergiram em duas temáticas: compreender as causas dos alarmes da bomba de infusão que constou: biblioteca de fármacos incompleta, limites absolutos e relativos rígidos, falta de protocolo de preparo e administração de medicação, período de férias dos funcionários; e as medidas que podem evitar a fadiga de seus alarmes.Conclusão:falhas na usabilidade de bombas de infusão aumentam os alarmes desnecessários que podem promovem sua fadiga. A utilização segura de bombas de infusão demanda uma equipe que monitore suas práticas e atue promovendo mudanças no contexto de trabalho

Objective: to identify the causes of alarm fatigue in studies of infusion pump usability in pediatric intensive care. Methods: an integrative review was carried out in the LILACS, SciELO, IBECS, SCOPUS and MEDLINE databases. Results: 1,164 publications were identified and six primary studies were selected that emerged in two themes: understanding the causes of the infusion pump alarms that consisted of: incomplete drug library, absolute and strict relative limits, lack of preparation protocol and medication administration, employee vacation period; and measures that can prevent fatigue from your alarms. Conclusion: the causes of alarm fatigue involve low user interaction with the equipment, inadequate work processes and low investment in preventive measures for its occurrence The safe use of infusion pumps requires a team to monitor their practices and act by promoting changes in the work context

Objetivo: identificar las causas de la fatiga de alarma en estudios de usabilidad de bombas de infusión en cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Métodos: se realizó una revisión integradora en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, IBECS, SCOPUS y MEDLINE. Resultados: se identificaron 1.164 publicaciones y se seleccionaron seis estudios primarios que surgieron en dos temas: comprender las causas de las alarmas de la bomba de infusión que consistían en: biblioteca de medicamentos incompleta, límites relativos absolutos y estrictos, falta de protocolo de preparación y administración de medicamentos, período de vacaciones de los empleados; y medidas que pueden prevenir la fatiga de sus alarmas. Conclusión: las causas de la fatiga de las alarmas involucran baja interacción del usuario con el equipo, procesos de trabajo inadecuados y baja inversión en medidas preventivas para su ocurrencia. El uso seguro de las bombas de infusión requiere que un equipo monitoree sus prácticas y actúe promoviendo cambios en el contexto de trabajo