Interactions between TNFAIP3, PTPN22, and TRAF1-C5 gene polymorphisms in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate whether TNFAIP3, PTPN22, and TRAF1-5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with susceptibility, severity, or serological markers in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Patients and methods: The cases and controls study was conducted between December 2021 and June 2022. TNFAIP3 rs10499194C/T, rs6920220G/A, and rs2230926T/G, PTPN22 rs2476601C/T and rs33996649G/A, and TRAF1-C5 rs10818488G/A polymorphisms were genotyped in 154 female pSS patients (mean age: 45.2±6.8 years) and 313 female control subjects (mean age: 50.3±7.5 years) using the TaqMan® SNP genotyping assay. An association analysis between TNFAIP3, PTPN22, and TRAF1-C5 SNPs and susceptibility, clinical characteristics, and serological markers of pSS was performed. Interactions between TNFAIP3, PTPN22, and TRAF1-C5 SNPs were also evaluated in patients and controls. Results: The genotype and allele frequencies showed no association with susceptibility, severity, or serological markers of pSS. Nevertheless, several interactions between TNFAIP3 and TRAF1-C5 or TNFAIP3, PTPN22, and TRAF1-C5 genotypes were associated with susceptibility to pSS (p<0.01). Conclusion: Individual TNFAIP3, PTPN22, and TRAF1-C5 SNPs are not associated with susceptibility, severity, or serological markers of pSS. However, genetic interactions between TRAF1-C5 and TNFAIP3 or TNFAIP3, PTPN22, and TRAF1-C5 SNPs are risk factors for pSS.

Niveles de procalcitonina y ferritina predicen la gravedad de Covid-19 en pacientes ingresados a la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

No disponible.

The AIRE Ser196Ser synonymous variant is a risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus.

The AIRE gene influences the expression of a wide array of self-antigens in the thymus, and is essential to the negative selection of self-reactive T cells and establishment of central tolerance. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) such as rs878081C/T (Ser196Ser) and rs2075876G/T at this locus have been associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis, mainly in Asian populations, but its role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not been documented. We performed a case-control association study with 379 SLE patients and 460 controls from central Mexico. In addition, we replicated our finding in another group of 179 SLE patients and 97 controls from the same region of Mexico. In the first group, we identified that the AIRE Ser196Ser synonymous variant was associated with SLE (OR 1.4, p = 0.009), meanwhile, in the second group we observed the following: OR 1.7, p = 0.024. No association was found between these AIRE SNVs and lupus nephritis. Our results suggest that AIRE is a risk factor for SLE in our population. This study is the first to document an association between AIRE and SLE susceptibility.

[MicroRNA en enfermedades autoinmunes].

Los microRNA (miRNA) son pequeños RNA no codificantes de aproximadamente 17 a 24 nucleótidos de longitud, los cuales se unen complementaria y principalmente en las regiones 3' UTR (región no traducida) de diversos RNA mensajeros (mRNA, messenger RNA). Su función general es regular negativamente la expresión génica a nivel postranscripcional, inhibiendo la traducción. Perfiles de expresión de miRNA alterados han sido identificados en diferentes líquidos, células y tejidos humanos afectados con diversas enfermedades autoinmunes y algunos se han propuestos potencialmente como biomarcadores de diagnóstico, pronóstico, actividad, etcétera, en estas patologías. Adicionalmente, variantes comunes del genoma humano, denominados polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms) localizados en genes de miRNA han sido asociados con susceptibilidad, gravedad, y actividad en estas enfermedades. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la biogénesis de los miRNA, su función, así como los perfiles de expresión y SNP en genes de miRNA asociados con diversas enfermedades autoinmunes, incluyendo tiroiditis autoinmune (tiroiditis de Hashimoto y enfermedad de Graves), lupus eritematoso sistémico, artritis reumatoide y síndrome de Sjögren primario.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of approximately 17-24 nucleotides in length, which complementarily and mainly bind in 3' UTR (untranslated region) regions of different messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Their general function is to negatively regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, thus inhibiting translation. miRNA abnormal expression profiles of have been found in different human fluids, cells and tissues affected by different autoimmune diseases, and some of them have been proposed as potential biomarkers of diagnosis, prognosis, activity etc. in these pathologies. In addition, common variants of the human genome, called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located within miRNA genes, have been associated with susceptibility, severity and activity in these diseases. The purpose of this review is to describe miRNA biogenesis and function, as well as the expression profiles and SNPs in miRNA genes that are associated with different autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroiditis (HashimotoMs thyroiditis and Gravess disease), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome.

MicroRNA en enfermedades autoinmunes / MicroRNA in autoimmune diseases

Resumen Los microRNA (miRNA) son pequeños RNA no codificantes de aproximadamente 17 a 24 nucleótidos de longitud, los cuales se unen complementaria y principalmente en las regiones 3' UTR (región no traducida) de diversos RNA mensajeros (mRNA, messenger RNA). Su función general es regular negativamente la expresión génica a nivel postranscripcional, inhibiendo la traducción. Perfiles de expresión de miRNA alterados han sido identificados en diferentes líquidos, células y tejidos humanos afectados con diversas enfermedades autoinmunes y algunos se han propuestos potencialmente como biomarcadores de diagnóstico, pronóstico, actividad, etcétera, en estas patologías. Adicionalmente, variantes comunes del genoma humano, denominados polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms) localizados en genes de miRNA han sido asociados con susceptibilidad, gravedad, y actividad en estas enfermedades. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la biogénesis de los miRNA, su función, así como los perfiles de expresión y SNP en genes de miRNA asociados con diversas enfermedades autoinmunes, incluyendo tiroiditis autoinmune (tiroiditis de Hashimoto y enfermedad de Graves), lupus eritematoso sistémico, artritis reumatoide y síndrome de Sjögren primario.

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of approximately 17-24 nucleotides in length, which complementarily and mainly bind in 3' UTR (untranslated region) regions of different messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Their general function is to negatively regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, thus inhibiting translation. miRNA abnormal expression profiles of have been found in different human fluids, cells and tissues affected by different autoimmune diseases, and some of them have been proposed as potential biomarkers of diagnosis, prognosis, activity etc. in these pathologies. In addition, common variants of the human genome, called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located within miRNA genes, have been associated with susceptibility, severity and activity in these diseases. The purpose of this review is to describe miRNA biogenesis and function, as well as the expression profiles and SNPs in miRNA genes that are associated with different autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroiditis (HashimotoMs thyroiditis and Gravess disease), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome.

The VEGFA -1154G/A polymorphism is associated with reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis but not with systemic lupus erythematosus in Mexican women.

BACKGROUND: Levels of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (a potent endothelial-cell-specific angiogenic factor) have been correlated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including the VEGFA -2578C/A, have been associated with RA in some populations. By contrast, the role of different VEGFA SNPs in the susceptibility to SLE has received little attention. Thus, the present study aimed to determine whether the VEGFA -2578C/A, -1154G/A and -634G/C polymorphisms confer risk or were associated with reduced risk of RA or SLE in a Mexican population. METHODS: The present study included 903 women from Mexico: 405 were patients with RA, 282 had SLE and 216 were healthy individuals. The genotypes were obtained with TaqMan probes. RESULTS: The data obtained in the present study suggest that the VEGFA -2578C/A and -634G/C polymorphisms are not risk factors for RA or SLE; however, VEGFA -1154G/A was associated with reduced risk in women with RA (odds ratio = 0.6, pc  = 0.0051) but not with SLE (odds ratio = 0.7, pc  = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to document an association between VEGFA -1154G/A and reduced risk in women with RA but not with SLE.

Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility or lupus nephritis in Mexican patients.

The TNF -238G/A (rs361525) and -308G/A (rs1800629) polymorphisms have consistently been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in several populations; however, these findings have not been verified in all populations. Here, we aimed to examine whether the TNF -238G/A, -308G/A, -376G/A (rs1800750), and -1031T/C (rs1799964) polymorphisms confer SLE or lupus nephritis (LN) susceptibility in a Mexican population. Our study included 442 patients with SLE and 495 controls. For genotyping, we used the TaqMan 5' allele discrimination assay. The TNF -238G/A and -1031T/C polymorphisms were associated with SLE susceptibility (odds ratio (OR) 2.1, p = 0.0005 and OR 1.4, p = 0.003, respectively). Gender stratification showed a strong association between TNF -238G/A and SLE in women (OR 2.2, p = 0.00006), while TNF -1031T/C had an OR of 1.5 (p = 0.007). With regard to the TNF -376G/A polymorphism, this also showed association with SLE susceptibility (OR 1.95, p = 0.036) and LN (OR 3.5, p = 0.01). In conclusion, our study provides the first demonstration of association between the TNF -376G/A polymorphism and SLE and LN susceptibility. In addition, our study is the second documenting an association of TNF -1031T/C with SLE susceptibility. We also observed a strong association between TNF -238G/A and SLE susceptibility. The TNF 308G/A polymorphism was not associated with SLE or LN.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNFR1 polymorphisms are not risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis in a Mexican population.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Different genetic variants including the TNF -308G/A polymorphism are associated with RA susceptibility. However, these findings have not been replicated in all populations. The aim of this study was to determine whether the TNF -1031T/C (rs1799964), -376G/A (rs1800750), -308G/A (rs1800629) -238G/A (rs361525), and TNFR1 -609G/T polymorphisms are associated with RA susceptibility in a sample of Mexican patients. Our study included 499 patients with RA and 492 healthy controls. The genotypes of the TNF polymorphisms were obtained using TaqMan assay. The genotype and allele frequencies of the TNF -1031T/C, -376G/A, -308G/A, -238G/A, and TNFR1 -609G/T polymorphisms were similar among RA cases versus healthy controls, and no association with RA susceptibility was identified. Our results suggest that the TNF -1031T/C, -376G/A, -308G/A, -238G/A, and TNFR1 -609G/T polymorphisms are not associated with RA susceptibility in a sample of Mexican patients.

The PTPN22 R263Q polymorphism confers protection against systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, while PTPN22 R620W confers susceptibility to Graves' disease in a Mexican population.

OBJECTIVE: The functional PTPN22 R620W polymorphism (rs2476601) is clearly associated with susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases (ADs). However, the PTPN22 R263Q polymorphism (rs33996649) has been scarcely explored in different ADs. Here we aimed to examine the associations of the PTPN22 R620W and R263Q polymorphisms with susceptibility to or protection against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Graves' disease (GD) among Mexican patients. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study including 876 patients (405 with SLE, 388 with RA, and 83 with GD) and 336 healthy control individuals. PTPN22 genotypes were determined using the TaqMan 5' allele discrimination assay. RESULTS: PTPN22 R620W was associated with GD susceptibility (OR 4.3, p = 0.004), but was not associated with SLE (OR 1.8, p = 0.19). We previously demonstrated that this polymorphism is associated with RA susceptibility (OR 4.17, p = 0.00036). Moreover, PTPN22 R263Q was associated with protection against SLE (OR 0.09, p = 004) and RA (OR 0.28, p = 0.045), but was not associated with GD. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide the first demonstration that PTPN22 R620W confers GD susceptibility among Latin-American patients. Moreover, this is the second report documenting the association of PTPN22 R263Q with protection against SLE and RA.

Genes con islas CpG amplificados con la mezcla formamida, albúmina sérica bovina y dimetilsulfóxido / CG-rich genes amplified with the formamide, bovine seric albumin y dimethylsulfoxide mix / Genes com Ilhas CpG amplificados com a mistura formamida, albumina sérica bovina, e dimetilsulfóxido

Diversos aditivos químicos han sido utilizados para garantizar la polimerización de genes con islas CpG. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar una mezcla potenciadora de PCR para amplificar genes con islas CpG. Con ese fin se analizaron fragmentos de los genes IRS2 y HNF1a con el programa EMBOSS CpG Report. Los iniciadores se diseñaron con el programa Primer 3 y se analizaron con el programa e-PCR. Se usaron tres aditivos químicos: Albúmina sérica bovina (0,1Ag/AL), dimetilsulfóxido (5%) y formamida (5%) para 5 ensayos de PCR: dos usando un solo aditivo, dos combinando dos aditivos y uno combinando tres aditivos. Las amplificaciones con las mezclas se realizaron con las enzimas Taq Nativa, taq Recombinante y Taq Platinum. La calidad de los amplicones se probó por secuenciación. Fragmentos sin islas CpG (HNF-1a) amplificaron con las tres enzimas, sin el uso de los aditivos pero presentaron problemas de pureza en la secuenciación. Los fragmentos del gen IRS2 con islas CpG amplificaron sólo con la combinación de tres aditivos dimetilsulfóxido, albúmina sérica bovina y formamida, independientemente de la enzima usada, las secuencias fueron limpias. Se concluye que la mezcla de tres aditivos es una solución que permite obtener amplicones de alta calidad en genes con islas CpG, con cromatogramas limpios en la secuenciación.(AU)

Several chemical additives have been used to assure polymerization in CpG islands.The aim of the present work was to design a PCR enhancer mixture in order to amplify GC-rich genes. Fragments of IRS2 and HNF1a genes were analyzed using EMBOSS CpG Report Software. Primers were designed with the Primer3 Software and were tested with ePCR Software. Three additives were used: BSA (0.1Ag/AL), DMSO (5%) and formamide (5%), in five PCR assays, two using one additive, two combining two additives and one with all additives. DNA sequences were amplified with the following enzymes: Native Taq, recombinant Taq and platinum Taq DNA polymerase. Amplicon quality was examined by sequencing. HNF1a gene was amplified without additives; however, the sequences were not amplified and showed purity problems in sequencing. The gene fragments IRS2 with CpG islands were amplified with additives DMSO, BSA and Formamida mixture, notwithstanding the enzyme used. These sequences were clean. DMSO-BSA-Formamide mixture can be a solution to obtain GC-rich DNA amplicons with such a high quality that it generates neat chromatograms during sequencing.(AU)

Diversos aditivos químicos tÛm sido utilizados para garantir a polimerizaþÒo de genes com ilhas CpG. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenhar uma mistura que potencie PCR para amplificar genes com ilhas CpG. Para esta finalidade foram analisados fragmentos dos genes IRS2 e HNF1a com o programa EMBOSS CpG Report. Os iniciadores foram desenhados com o programa Primer 3 e se analisaram com o programa e-PCR. Foram utilizados trÛs aditivos químicos: Albumina sérica bovina (0,1Ag/AlL, Dimetilsulfóxido (5%) e formamida (5%) para 5 ensaios de PCR: dois usando um único aditivo, dois combinando dois aditivos e um combinando trÛs aditivos. As amplificaþ§es com as misturas se realizaram com as enzimas, Taq Nativa, taq Recombinante e Taq Platinum. A qualidade das ampliaþ§es foi provada por sequenciaþÒo. Fragmentos sem ilhas CpG (HNF-1a) amplificaram com as trÛs enzimas, sem o uso dos aditivos porém apresentaram problemas de pureza na sequenciaþÒo. Os fragmentos do gene IRS2 com ilhas CpG ampli¡ficaram apenas com a combinaþÒo de trÛs aditivos dimetilsulfóxido, albumina sérica bovina e formamida, independentemente da enzima usada, as sequÛncias foram limpas. A conclusÒo que a mistura de trÛs aditivos é uma soluþÒo que permite obter ampliaþ§es de alta qualidade em genes com ilhas CpG, com cromatogramas limpos na secuenciaþÒo.(AU)

Genes con islas CpG amplificados con la mezcla formamida, albúmina sérica bovina y dimetilsulfóxido / CG-rich genes amplified with the formamide, bovine seric albumin y dimethylsulfoxide mix / Genes com Ilhas CpG amplificados com a mistura formamida, albumina sérica bovina, e dimetilsulfóxido

Diversos aditivos químicos han sido utilizados para garantizar la polimerización de genes con islas CpG. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar una mezcla potenciadora de PCR para amplificar genes con islas CpG. Con ese fin se analizaron fragmentos de los genes IRS2 y HNF1a con el programa EMBOSS CpG Report. Los iniciadores se diseñaron con el programa Primer 3 y se analizaron con el programa e-PCR. Se usaron tres aditivos químicos: Albúmina sérica bovina (0,1µg/µL), dimetilsulfóxido (5%) y formamida (5%) para 5 ensayos de PCR: dos usando un solo aditivo, dos combinando dos aditivos y uno combinando tres aditivos. Las amplificaciones con las mezclas se realizaron con las enzimas Taq Nativa, taq Recombinante y Taq Platinum. La calidad de los amplicones se probó por secuenciación. Fragmentos sin islas CpG (HNF-1a) amplificaron con las tres enzimas, sin el uso de los aditivos pero presentaron problemas de pureza en la secuenciación. Los fragmentos del gen IRS2 con islas CpG amplificaron sólo con la combinación de tres aditivos dimetilsulfóxido, albúmina sérica bovina y formamida, independientemente de la enzima usada, las secuencias fueron limpias. Se concluye que la mezcla de tres aditivos es una solución que permite obtener amplicones de alta calidad en genes con islas CpG, con cromatogramas limpios en la secuenciación.

Several chemical additives have been used to assure polymerization in CpG islands.The aim of the present work was to design a PCR enhancer mixture in order to amplify GC-rich genes. Fragments of IRS2 and HNF1a genes were analyzed using EMBOSS CpG Report Software. Primers were designed with the Primer3 Software and were tested with ePCR Software. Three additives were used: BSA (0.1µg/µL), DMSO (5%) and formamide (5%), in five PCR assays, two using one additive, two combining two additives and one with all additives. DNA sequences were amplified with the following enzymes: Native Taq, recombinant Taq and platinum Taq DNA polymerase. Amplicon quality was examined by sequencing. HNF1a gene was amplified without additives; however, the sequences were not amplified and showed purity problems in sequencing. The gene fragments IRS2 with CpG islands were amplified with additives DMSO, BSA and Formamida mixture, notwithstanding the enzyme used. These sequences were clean. DMSO-BSA-Formamide mixture can be a solution to obtain GC-rich DNA amplicons with such a high quality that it generates neat chromatograms during sequencing.

Diversos aditivos químicos têm sido utilizados para garantir a polimerização de genes com ilhas CpG. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenhar uma mistura que potencie PCR para amplificar genes com ilhas CpG. Para esta finalidade foram analisados fragmentos dos genes IRS2 e HNF1a com o programa EMBOSS CpG Report. Os iniciadores foram desenhados com o programa Primer 3 e se analisaram com o programa e-PCR. Foram utilizados três aditivos químicos: Albumina sérica bovina (0,1µg/µlL, Dimetilsulfóxido (5%) e formamida (5%) para 5 ensaios de PCR: dois usando um único aditivo, dois combinando dois aditivos e um combinando três aditivos. As amplificações com as misturas se realizaram com as enzimas, Taq Nativa, taq Recombinante e Taq Platinum. A qualidade das ampliações foi provada por sequenciação. Fragmentos sem ilhas CpG (HNF-1a) amplificaram com as três enzimas, sem o uso dos aditivos porém apresentaram problemas de pureza na sequenciação. Os fragmentos do gene IRS2 com ilhas CpG ampli­ficaram apenas com a combinação de três aditivos dimetilsulfóxido, albumina sérica bovina e formamida, independentemente da enzima usada, as sequências foram limpas. A conclusão que a mistura de três aditivos é uma solução que permite obter ampliações de alta qualidade em genes com ilhas CpG, com cromatogramas limpos na secuenciação.