Functional androdioecy in the ornamental shrub Osmanthus delavayi (Oleaceae).

Androdioecy is one of the rarest sexual systems among plants, characterized by males co-occurring with hermaphrodites. Osmanthus delavayi (Oleaceae), an ornamental shrub from southern China, is known to have both male and hermaphrodite individuals, but little is known regarding the breeding system of this species and whether it is functionally androdioecious, and how this potentially evolved. In this study, we explore the characteristics of the breeding system of O. delavayi through the study of phenology, sex ratio, floral organ morphology, pollen number, stigma receptivity, artificial pollination, pollinators, and gene flow within and between populations, while also discussing the evolution and maintenance of androdioecy within the genus. The proportion of males was less than 0.5 and the out-crossing index (OCI) was 5. Morphological androdioecy was observed, with hermaphrodite flowers having fertile pistils, while male flowers had degenerated pistils. Males and hermaphrodites both had large amounts of small and fertile pollen grains, although the pollen number of males was ca. 1.21 × more than that of hermaphrodites, and pollen was generally smaller. Self-pollination was found to produce a much lower fruit set than outcrossing under natural conditions. Gene flow between males and hermaphrodites within a population was greater (1.007) than that between populations (0.753). All these results indicate that O. delavayi is functionally androdioecious, which may be an intermediate state in the evolutionary transition from hermaphroditism to dioecy.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of the ornamental plant Osmanthus cooperi.

Osmanthus cooperi is an evergreen ornamental plant belonging to the olive family. In this study, its complete chloroplast genome was assembled from the whole genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome is 155,262 bp long, and comprises a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs, 25,685 bp each), a large single-copy region (LSC, 86,525 bp), and a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,367 bp). It encodes 132 genes, including 8 rRNA genes, 36 tRNAs genes, and 88 protein-coding genes. The GC content of O. cooperi cp genome is 37.8%. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that O. cooperi is close to O. fragrans in Oleaceae.