[Changes of serum anti-schistosome antibody levels in schistosomiasis japonica patients after treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of serum anti-schistosome antibody titers in schistosomiasis japonica patients after treatment, in order to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis surveillance program in marshland and lake regions. METHODS: Upon prospective cohort study, the stool examination positive schistosomiasis patients and blood examination positive suspected patients (the titer was more than 1:80, including 1:80) were selected as the research objects in Jiangling County in 2014, and they received the 2-day praziquantel therapy. Half year, one year and two years after the treatment, their blood samples and fecal samples were collected for IHA anti-schistosome antibody detections and schistosome egg and miracidium detections. RESULTS: In 2014, the stool examination positives were 251, and the majority of them were over 41 years old, accounting for 93.23% (234/251) ; 581 cases of high antibody titers were detected by the IHA method, and the majority of them were over 41 years old, accounting for 89.16% (518/581) . Half year, one year and two years after the treatment, among the stool examination positives, the negative conversion rates of stool positives were 99.60% (250/251), 100% (239/239) and 100% (234/234) respectively and the negative conversion rates of antibody positives were 21.91% (55/251), 64.11% (156/239) and 76.89% (193/234) respectively. In the high antibody titer positives, the negative conversion rates were 38.04% (221/581), 64.11% (359/560), and 77.86% (429/551) respectively, Half year, one year and two years after the treatment. There were statistically significant differences among the antibody negative conversion rates by χ2 test (χ2 = 77.538, 183.412, 25.469 respectively, all P < 0.001) . The geometric mean values of antibody titers of different durations between 2 groups were analyzed by 2-independent-samples T test, and the geometric mean values of antibody titers between the 2 groups were different before the treatment (t = 23.576, P < 0.01), but the geometric mean values of antibody titers between the 2 groups were not different 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after the treatment (t = -0.046, 1.165, -0.132, P = 0.964, 0.245, 0.895 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The levels of serum anti-schistosome antibody degrade slowly in schistosomiasis japonica patients after the treatment, and the results of IHA tests cannot distinguish the current schistosome infection from previous schistosome infection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the specific diagnostic technology for schistosome infection in order to meet the need of monitoring.

Changes of serum anti-schistosome antibody levels in schistosomiasis japoni-ca patients after treatment / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of serum anti-schistosome antibody titers in schistosomiasis japonica pa-tients after treatment,in order to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis surveillance program in marshland and lake regions.Methods Upon prospective cohort study,the stool examination positive schistosomiasis patients and blood exami-nation positive suspected patients(the titer was more than 1:80,including 1:80)were selected as the research objects in Jian-gling County in 2014,and they received the 2-day praziquantel therapy.Half year,one year and two years after the treatment, their blood samples and fecal samples were collected for IHA anti-schistosome antibody detections and schistosome egg and mira-cidium detections. Results In 2014,the stool examination positives were 251,and the majority of them were over 41 years old,accounting for 93.23%(234/251);581 cases of high antibody titers were detected by the IHA method,and the majority of them were over 41 years old,accounting for 89.16%(518/581).Half year,one year and two years after the treatment,among the stool examination positives,the negative conversion rates of stool positives were 99.60%(250/251),100%(239/239)and 100%(234/234)respectively and the negative conversion rates of antibody positives were 21.91%(55/251),64.11%(156/239)and 76.89%(193/234)respectively.In the high antibody titer positives,the negative conversion rates were 38.04%(221/581),64.11%(359/560),and 77.86%(429/551)respectively,Half year,one year and two years after the treatment.There were statistically significant differences among the antibody negative conversion rates by χ2test(χ2=77.538,183.412,25.469 respectively,all P<0.001).The geometric mean values of antibody titers of different durations between 2 groups were analyzed by 2-independent-samples T test,and the geometric mean values of antibody titers between the 2 groups were different before the treatment(t=23.576,P<0.01),but the geometric mean values of antibody titers between the 2 groups were not different 6 months,1 year and 2 years after the treatment(t=-0.046,1.165, -0.132,P=0.964, 0.245,0.895 respectively). Conclu-sions The levels of serum anti-schistosome antibody degrade slowly in schistosomiasis japonica patients after the treatment, and the results of IHA tests cannot distinguish the current schistosome infection from previous schistosome infection.Therefore, it is necessary to develop the specific diagnostic technology for schistosome infection in order to meet the need of monitoring.

[Effects and cost of four formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt in Oncomelania hupensis snail control in field].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and cost of four formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt in Oncomelania hupensis snail control in the field in marshland and lake regions, so as to provide the evidence for drawing up the plan of molluscicide using in schistosomiasis endemic areas. METHODS: One drainage channel and one channel without water in the same area with snails in Jiangling County, Jingzhou City were selected as the research fields. The drainage channel was divided into 9 sections, except one section as a blank control group where the natural death rate of snails was observed only, and the remaining 8 sections were taken as the observation groups, where different dosages of 4% niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules, 25% niclosamide ethanolamine salt suspending agent, 26% metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt suspending agent, and 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder were used respectively. The channel without water were divided into 4 sections, except one section as a blank control group, the other 3 segments were taken as the observation groups, where 4% niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules, and 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder were used respectively. Before and after spraying molluscicide for 7 days and 15 days, the system sampling method was used to observe the effects of snail control. Meanwhile, the unit cost method was used to calculate the costs of the different mulluscicide formulations abovementioned in unit area (1 m2). RESULTS: In the field at the drainage channel, the snail mortality rates of the groups spraying 4% niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder (50 g/m2), 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules (40 g/m2), 25% niclosamide ethanolamine suspending agent, 26% metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt suspending agent, and 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder (2 g/m2 and 4 g/m2) for 7 days were 79.52%97.87%, while the rates after spraying for 15 days were 71.00%-96.30%, and compared with those before spraying, the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.01). For the groups spraying with 2 g/m2 or 4 g/m2 suspending agent as well as wettable powder for 7 days, the snail mortality rates were significantly different (both P < 0.05). In the field at the channel without water, the snail mortality rates of the 3 observation groups after spraying molluscicide for 7 days were 97.14%-100%, while for 15 days were 94.32 %-100%, and compared with the rates before spraying, all the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.01). The unit costs per 1 m2 of the molluscicide abovementioned were ranged from 0.280 Yuan to 0.416 Yuan. CONCLUSIONS: In marshland area inside embankment, the molluscicide formulations of the powder and granule are suitable for the environments without water or with instability water level, while the molluscicide formulations of the suspended agents and wettable powder are suitable for the water environment. Though the unit cost of powder is the lowest, the molluscicide in this formulation flies away seriously.

[Distribution features of wild feces in schistosomiasis endemic areas in Jiangling County, Hubei Province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the spatial distribution characteristics of wild feces in schistosomiasis endemic areas of Jiangling County, Hubei Province and further explore the source of infection efficiently, so as to provide the evidence for the development of corresponding monitoring and response technology. METHODS: In 2011, the fresh wild feces were investigated every two months in the selected 15 villages by the severity of historical endemic in Jiangling County. The schistosome miracidium hatching method was used to test the schistosome infection of the wild feces. The descriptive analysis and spatial analysis were used for the description of the spatial distribution of the wild feces. RESULTS: Totally 701 wild feces samples were collected with the average density of 0.055 6/100 m2, and the positive rate of the wild feces was 11.70% (82/701). The results of the regression analysis showed a positive spatial correlation between the positive rate of wild feces and the rate of human infection, the area with infected Oncomelania hupensis and the number of fenced cattle, and the corrected R2 of the model was 0.58. CONCLUSIONS: The infection rate of wild feces is positively correlated with the rate of human infection, area with infected O. hupensis and number of fenced cattle in space in Jiangling County, so the prevention and control measures could be conducted according to the spatial distribution of the positive wild feces.

[Oncomelania hupensis snail control effects of molluscicides with different formulations in field in marshland and lake regions].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the Oncomelania hupensis snail control effects of molluscicides with different formulations in the ditch with unstable water level in field of marshland and lake areas, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention strategies. METHODS: A drainage channel with O. hupensis snails in Jiangling County, Jingzhou City were selected as the study field, then it was divided into 6 segments, except 1 segment was treated as the blank control group for observing the natural mortality rate of the snails, the other 5 segments were treated as observation groups, where 4% niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granule, 25% suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt, 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt, 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder were applied respectively. Before and after the mollusciciding, the snail surveys were carried out through the systematic sampling method, and the short- and long-term effects of snail control were observed, and the mortality rates of the snails on the slope above the water level and those below the water level were compared. RESULTS: When 7 d and 15 d after mullusciciding, the mortality rates of snails on the slope above the water level in each observation group were 79.52%-97.87% and 90.43%-96.30%, respectively, when compared with those before mollusciciding, all the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.01). When 7 d after mullusciciding, the mortality rates of snails below the water level in each observation group were 17.11%-50.00%, which were all lower than those of the snails on the slope above the water level in the corresponding groups (all P ＜ 0.05); when 15 d after mullusciciding, the rates were 9.43%-95.24%, and those in 25% suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt, 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt, 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder groups were all lower than those of the snails on the slope above the water level in the corresponding groups (all P ＜ 0.01). Compared with the densities of living snails before mollusciciding, those 6 months after mollusciciding in each observation group decreased by 70.21%-78.98%. CONCLUSIONS: The molluscicides in the formulation of powders and granule are suitable for both the snail environment with or without water, while those in the formulation of suspension agents and wettable powders are suitable only for environments with water.

[Effect of two-level community-based health education pattern on schistosomiasis control].

OBJECTIVE: To implement a two-level community-based health education pattern of schistosomiasis in residents of endemic areas in marshland and lake regions, so as to explore the suitable pattern of health education under hypo-endemic situation. METHODS: Two schistosomiasis endemic villages in Jiangling County, Hubei Province were collected as study areas, and among which, one village was treated as an intervention group, where the two-level community-based health education pattern as well as regular control measures was implemented; the other village was a control group, where only regular control measures were implemented. The awareness rates on schistosomiasis control, the rates of correct behavior and the compliance rates of examination, treatment and chemotherapy of the two groups before and after the intervention were compared. RESULTS: According to the results of the baseline survey in 2014, the awareness rates of schistosomiasis control of the intervention and control groups were 84.00% and 77.45%, respectively, the correct rates of behavior of the two groups were 72.00% and 63.73%, respectively, and the compliance rates of the treatment were 80.36% and 82.28%, respectively, there were no statistically significant differences between all the above rates of the two groups (all P > 0.05). After the intervention of the two-level community-based health education, the correct rates of behavior, and the compliance rates of examination and chemotherapy of the two groups were 92.31% and 80.37%, 95.11% and 82.55%, 84.13% and 63.64%, respectively, and the differences between all the rates above of the two groups were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). When compared to those before intervention, the growing rates of the compliance rates of examination, treatment and chemotherapy of the intervention group were 20.97%, 15.33% and 23.29%, respectively, while those of control group were 14.27%, 4.17%, -3.77%, respectively, the growing rates of the intervention groups were higher than those of the control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Through the two-level community-based pattern of health education, the compliance rates of examination and treatment of the residents have improved, and therefore, the pattern is suitable for popularization and application in marshland and lake regions.

FTIR spectroscopic explorations of freshly resected laryngeal carcinoma tissues / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the characteristics of freshly resected laryngeal carcinoma by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>FTIR was applied to the study of the cancerous tissues and adjacent normal tissues in 32 patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with pathological diagnosis results, one benign specimen was classified as a malignant, the accuracy was 98.4%. Significant differences were seen in the FTIR spectra between the normal and malignant laryngeal tissues. The peak at 1085 cm(-1) shift to 1114 cm(-1) showed that the relative contents of DNA in laryngeal carcinoma cells was increased. The peak at 1397 cm(-1) was stronger than 1451 cm(-1) in normal tissues, while it was not obvious in cancer tissues. I(2926)/I(2870) in carcinoma cells was lower than that in normal tissues. The wave numbers of the bands of amide I and amide II, symmetric and asymmetric stretching bands of CH(3), stretching vibration bands of C-OH and NH band were shifted to higher number in cancer tissues.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study shows that the malignant and normal laryngeal tissues have different FTIR spectra, which are mainly due to changes in protein, nucleic acid and phospholipids. FTIR may become a new method for the diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma in clinical practice.</p>