CD4/CD8 Ratio and KT Ratio Predict Yellow Fever Vaccine Immunogenicity in HIV-Infected Patients.

BACKGROUND: HIV-infected individuals have deficient responses to Yellow Fever vaccine (YFV) and may be at higher risk for adverse events (AE). Chronic immune activation-characterized by low CD4/CD8 ratio or high indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO) activity-may influence vaccine response in this population. METHODS: We prospectively assessed AE, viremia by the YFV virus and YF-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAb) in HIV-infected (CD4>350) and -uninfected adults through 1 year after vaccination. The effect of HIV status on initial antibody response to YFV was measured during the first 3 months following vaccination, while the effect on persistence of antibody response was measured one year following vaccination. We explored CD4/CD8 ratio, IDO activity (plasma kynurenine/tryptophan [KT] ratio) and viremia by Human Pegivirus as potential predictors of NAb response to YFV among HIV-infected participants with linear mixed models. RESULTS: 12 HIV-infected and 45-uninfected participants were included in the final analysis. HIV was not significantly associated with AE, YFV viremia or NAb titers through the first 3 months following vaccination. However, HIV-infected participants had 0.32 times the NAb titers observed for HIV-uninfected participants at 1 year following YFV (95% CI 0.13 to 0.83, p = 0.021), independent of sex, age and prior vaccination. In HIV-infected participants, each 10% increase in CD4/CD8 ratio predicted a mean 21% higher post-baseline YFV Nab titer (p = 0.024). Similarly, each 10% increase in KT ratio predicted a mean 21% lower post-baseline YFV Nab titer (p = 0.009). Viremia by Human Pegivirus was not significantly associated with NAb titers. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection appears to decrease the durability of NAb responses to YFV, an effect that may be predicted by lower CD4/CD8 ratio or higher KT ratio.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Predicts Yellow Fever Vaccine-Induced Antibody Titers in Virologically Suppressed HIV-Infected Patients.

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever vaccine (YFV) induces weaker immune responses in HIV-infected individuals. However, little is known about YFV responses among antiretroviral-treated patients and potential immunological predictors of YFV response in this population. METHODS: We enrolled 34 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected and 58 HIV-uninfected adults who received a single YFV dose to evaluate antibody levels and predictors of immunity, focusing on CD4(+) T-cell count, CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, and Human Pegivirus (GBV-C) viremia. Participants with other immunosuppressive conditions were excluded. RESULTS: Median time since YFV was nonsignificantly shorter in HIV-infected participants than in HIV-uninfected participants (42 and 69 months, respectively, P = 0.16). Mean neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers was lower in HIV-infected participants than HIV-uninfected participants (3.3 vs. 3.6 log10mIU/mL, P = 0.044), a difference that remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and time since vaccination (P = 0.024). In HIV-infected participants, lower NAb titers were associated with longer time since YFV (rho: -0.38, P = 0.027) and lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio (rho: 0.42, P = 0.014), but not CD4(+) T-cell count (P = 0.52). None of these factors were associated with NAb titers in HIV-uninfected participant. GBV-C viremia was not associated with difference in NAb titers overall or among HIV-infected participants. CONCLUSIONS: ART-treated HIV-infected individuals seem to have impaired and/or less durable responses to YFV than HIV-uninfected individuals, which were associated with lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, but not with CD4(+) T-cell count. These results supports the notion that low CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, a marker linked to persistent immune activation, is a better indicator of functional immune disturbance than CD4(+) T-cell count in patients with successful ART.

Risk factors and outcome of infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae in kidney transplant recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Solid organ transplant recipients are especially susceptible to healthcare-associated infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp-HAIs). The aim of the study was to evaluate risk factors and outcome of these infections in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort of kidney transplant (KTx) recipients between January 2009 and December 2013. Cases were defined as patients who developed KPC-Kp-HAI, confirmed by PCR for bla( KPC) gene after KTx during the study period. We analysed variables related to recipient; induction immunosuppressant therapy; delayed graft function; use of invasive devices; SOFA score on the first day of infection; type of therapy; time from positive culture to appropriate antimicrobial therapy; bacteraemia; and concomitant infection. Outcome measures were the occurrence of KPC-Kp-HAI and 30-day mortality after KPC-Kp-HAI. RESULTS: A total of 1,101 were submitted to KTx in the period, 21 patients were classified as infected with KPC-Kp. Another ten patients had KPC-Kp-HAI in the period and were transplanted before 2009. Of those 31 patients, 48.4 % showed evidence of prior colonization and 38.7 % had bacteraemia. The most common site of infection was the surgical wound. Risk factors for KPC-Kp-HAI were multi-organ transplantation and the use of a ureteral stent. Eight of the infected patients experienced recurrence of the infection. The 30-day mortality rate was 41.9 %. Survival was significantly lower among the patients with KPC-Kp-HAI (72 vs. 89.1 %; P = 0.002). The only risk factor independently associated with 30-day mortality was an elevated SOFA score on the first day of infection. CONCLUSIONS: In KTx recipients, the occurrence of KPC-Kp-HAI was related to invasive devices and type of transplant; these infections had a high rate of recurrence and reduced survival after KTx.

Human papillomavirus and chlamydia trachomatis infections in rheumatoid arthritis under anti-TNF therapy: an observational study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections in RA patients pre- and post-TNF blocker. Fifty female RA patients (ACR criteria), who were eligible to anti-TNF therapy [n = 50 at baseline (BL) and n = 45 after 6 months of treatment (6 M)], and 50 age-matched healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. They were assessed for demographic data, gynecologic, sexual, cervical cytology and histological evaluations, disease parameters and current treatment. HPV DNA and CT DNA testing in cervical specimens were done using Hybrid Capture II assays. At BL, the median current age of RA patients and controls was 49 (18-74) versus 49 (18-74) years, p = 1.0. A trend of lower frequency of HPV infection was observed in AR patients pre-anti-TNF compared with controls (14 vs. 30%, p = 0.054). Further evaluation of AR patients with and without HPV infection before anti-TNF therapy showed that the former group had higher frequency of sexual intercourses (100 vs. 48%, p = 0.014), higher median number of sexual partners [1 (1-1) vs. 0 (0-1), p = 0.032] and higher frequency of abnormal cervical cytology (43 vs. 7%, p = 0.029). Current age, disease duration, disease parameters and treatments were alike in both groups (p > 0.05). At 6 M after TNF blockage, HPV infection remained unchanged in five patients, whereas two became negative and one additional patient turned out to be positive (p = 1.0). CT infection was uniformly negative in RA patients pre- and post-TNF blockage and in controls. Anti-TNF does not seem to increase short-term risk of exacerbation and/or progression of HPV and CT infections in RA patients.

A double-blinded, prospective study to define antigenemia and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction cutoffs to start preemptive therapy in low-risk, seropositive, renal transplanted recipients.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease occurs in 16% to 20% of low-risk, CMV-positive renal transplant recipients. The cutoffs for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or phosphoprotein (pp65) antigenemia (pp65emia) for starting preemptive therapy have not been well established. METHODS: We measured qPCR and pp65emia weekly from day 7 to day 120 after transplantation, in anti-CMV immunoglobulin G­positive donor and recipient pairs. Patients and physicians were blinded to the test results. Suspicion of CMV disease led to the order of new tests. In asymptomatic viremic patients, the highest pp65emia and qPCR values were used, whereas we considered the last value before diagnosis in those with CMV disease. RESULTS: We collected a total of 1,481 blood samples from 102 adult patients. Seventeen patients developed CMV disease, 54 presented at least one episode of viremia that cleared spontaneously, and 31 never presented viremia. Five patients developed CMV disease after the end of the study period. The median (95% confidence interval) pp65emia and qPCR values were higher before CMV disease than during asymptomatic viremia (6 [9­82] vs. 3 [1­14] cells/10(6) cells; P<0.001 and 3,080 [1,263­15,605] vs. 258 [258­1,679] copies/mL; P=0.008, respectively). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that pp65emia 4 cells/10(6) cells or greater showed a sensitivity and specificity to predict CMV disease of 69% and 81%, respectively (area, 0.769; P=0.001), with a positive predictive value of 37% and a negative predictive value of 93%. For qPCR 2,000 copies/mL or higher, the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 57% and 91%, respectively (receiver operating characteristic area, 0.782; P=0.000). CONCLUSION: With these cutoffs, both methods are appropriate for detecting CMV disease.

Performance of a rapid self-test for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in South Africa and Brazil.

Women participating in studies in Brazil (n = 695) and South Africa (n = 230) performed rapid point-of-care tests for Trichomonas vaginalis on self-collected vaginal swabs. Using PCR as the gold standard, rapid self-testing achieved high specificity (99.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 98.2 to 99.6%) and moderate sensitivity (76.7%; 95% CI, 61.4 to 88.2%). These tests may be considered an alternative to syndromic management in resource-poor settings.

Comparison of five methods for oxacillin susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cystic fibrosis patients / Comparação entre cinco métodos para avaliação de susceptibilidade à oxacilina em cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de pacientes com fibrose cística

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are now a worldwide problem. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are commonly colonized and infected by MRSA. Accurate oxacillin susceptibility testing is mandatory for the adequate management of these patients. We performed a comparison of the accuracy of different tests in CF isolates, including methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and MRSA with different SCCmec types, and using the mecA gene as the gold-standard. The sensitivity and specificity of oxacillin disc, Etest, and oxacillin agar screening plate were 100%. Sensitivity of the cefoxitin disc was 85% and specificity was 100%. For clinically relevant isolates, laboratories may consider the use of a combination of two phenotypic methods.

Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à oxacilina (MRSA) são, atualmente, um problema global. Pacientes com fibrose cística (FC) são frequentemente colonizados e infectados por MRSA. A realização de testes de susceptibilidade acurados é extremamente importante para o manejo da terapia antimicrobiana nesses indivíduos. Nesse estudo, realizamos comparação entre as acurácias de diversos testes de susceptibilidade à oxacilina, em cepas de S. aureus isoladas de pacientes com fibrose cística, tanto sensíveis como resistentes à oxacilina, com diferentes tipos de SCCmec, e utilizando a detecção do gene mecA como método padrão. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do disco de oxacilina, do Etest, e da placa de agar screening com oxacilina foram de 100%. A sensibilidade do disco de cefoxitina foi 85%, com especificidade de 100%. Em cepas clinicamente relevantes, a utilização combinada de mais de um método deveria ser considerada.

Comparison of five methods for oxacillin susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cystic fibrosis patients.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are now a worldwide problem. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are commonly colonized and infected by MRSA. Accurate oxacillin susceptibility testing is mandatory for the adequate management of these patients. We performed a comparison of the accuracy of different tests in CF isolates, including methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and MRSA with different SCCmec types, and using the mecA gene as the gold-standard. The sensitivity and specificity of oxacillin disc, Etest, and oxacillin agar screening plate were 100%. Sensitivity of the cefoxitin disc was 85% and specificity was 100%. For clinically relevant isolates, laboratories may consider the use of a combination of two phenotypic methods.

Varicella zoster virus in Bell's palsy: a prospective study.

UNLABELLED: Although Bell's palsy is the major cause of acute peripheral facial palsy, its pathogenesis remains unknown. Reactivation of the varicella zoster virus has been implicated as one of the main causes of Bell's palsy, however, studies which investigate the varicella zoster virus reactivation in Bell's palsy patients are mostly Japanese and, therefore, personal and geographic characteristics are quite different from our population. AIMS: To determine varicella zoster virus frequency in saliva samples from patients with Bell's palsy, using PCR. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred seventy one patients with acute peripheral facial palsy were prospectively enrolled in this study. One hundred twenty were clinically diagnosed with Bell's palsy, within one week of onset of the disease and no previous anti-viral therapy. We had 20 healthy adults as controls. Three saliva samples were collected from patients and controls at initial examination and at one and two weeks later. The detection of the varicella zoster virus DNA was performed using PCR. RESULTS: Varicella zoster virus was detected in two patients (1.7%). The virus was not identified in saliva samples from the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Varicella zoster virus was detected in 1.7% of saliva samples from patients with Bell's palsy, using PCR.

Vírus varicela zoster em paralisia de Bell: estudo prospectivo / Varicella zoster virus in Bell's palsy: a prospective study

Although Bell's palsy is the major cause of acute peripheral facial palsy, its pathogenesis remains unknown. Reactivation of the varicella zoster virus has been implicated as one of the main causes of Bell's palsy, however, studies which investigate the varicella zoster virus reactivation in Bell's palsy patients are mostly Japanese and, therefore, personal and geographic characteristics are quite different from our population. AIMS: To determine varicella zoster virus frequency in saliva samples from patients with Bell's palsy, using PCR. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred seventy one patients with acute peripheral facial palsy were prospectively enrolled in this study. One hundred twenty were clinically diagnosed with Bell's palsy, within one week of onset of the disease and no previous anti-viral therapy. We had 20 healthy adults as controls. Three saliva samples were collected from patients and controls at initial examination and at one and two weeks later. The detection of the varicella zoster virus DNA was performed using PCR. RESULTS: Varicella zoster virus was detected in two patients (1.7 percent). The virus was not identified in saliva samples from the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Varicella zoster virus was detected in 1.7 percent of saliva samples from patients with Bell's palsy, using PCR.

Embora a paralisia de Bell seja o tipo mais frequente de paralisia facial periférica,sua causa ainda é objeto de inúmeros questionamentos. A reativação do vírus varicela zoster tem sido considerada uma das principais causas da paralisia de Bell, porém, os poucos trabalhos que estudam a prevalência do VVZ como agente etiológico da PB são japoneses, o que determina características geográficas e populacionais bastante díspares de nossa população. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a frequência do vírus varicela zoster em saliva de indivíduos com PB, pela técnica de PCR. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 171 pacientes com PFP, sendo 120 pacientes portadores de paralisia de Bell, com até uma semana de evolução, sem uso prévio de drogas antivirais. O grupo controle foi composto de 20 adultos sadios. Nestes indivíduos foram coletadas três amostras de saliva em semanas consecutivas, para pesquisa de DNA viral pela técnica de PCR. RESULTADOS: O vírus varicela zoster foi encontrado em amostras de saliva de dois pacientes com paralisia de Bell (1,7 por cento). Nenhum vírus foi identificado no grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Foi verificada frequência de 1,7 por cento para vírus varicela zoster em amostras de saliva de pacientes com paralisia de Bell, pela técnica de PCR.

Chlamydia pneumoniae and stroke: is there a direct relationship?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible relationship between atherothrombotic stroke and Chlamydia pneumoniae. METHOD: 150 patients with carotid atherothrombosis were enrolled. The casuistic was divided in three groups: ischemic stroke (IS): 65 patients; transient ischemic attack (TIA): 26 patients; and control: 59. The IS or TIA onset was up to 30 days from the beginning of the study. Carotid atheromatoses was diagnosed by Doppler-ultrasonography. Patients with cardioembolic risk or non-atherothrombotic origin were excluded. Comparisons were done between the three groups, and within each group according to the different age sub-groups, to the main arteries affected, and to the atherogenic risk factors. Bacteria detection was done using polimerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Only one patient tested positive for C. pneumoniae belonging to the control group. CONCLUSION: These results do not suggest that C. pneumoniae participated in the onset of IS or TIA or that it has a role in carotid plaque destabilization.

Chlamydia pneumoniae and stroke: is there a direct relationship? / Chlamydia pneumoniae e acidente vascular cerebral aterotrombótico: existe relação direta?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible relationship between atherothrombotic stroke and Chlamydia pneumoniae. METHOD: 150 patients with carotid atherothrombosis were enrolled. The casuistic was divided in three groups: ischemic stroke (IS): 65 patients; transient ischemic attack (TIA): 26 patients; and control: 59. The IS or TIA onset was up to 30 days from the beginning of the study. Carotid atheromatoses was diagnosed by Doppler-ultrasonography. Patients with cardioembolic risk or non-atherothrombotic origin were excluded. Comparisons were done between the three groups, and within each group according to the different age sub-groups, to the main arteries affected, and to the atherogenic risk factors. Bacteria detection was done using polimerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Only one patient tested positive for C. pneumoniae belonging to the control group. CONCLUSION: These results do not suggest that C. pneumoniae participated in the onset of IS or TIA or that it has a role in carotid plaque destabilization.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a possível relação entre Chlamydia pneumoniae e acidente vascular cerebral aterotrombótico (AVC). MÉTODO: 150 pacientes com aterotrombose carotídea foram estudados. A casuística foi dividida em 3 grupos: AVC: 65 pacientes; ataque isquêmico transitório (AIT): 26 pacientes e controles: 59. O início do AVC ou AIT era até 30 dias da inclusão no estudo. A ateromatose carotídea foi diagnosticada por ultrassonografia com Doppler. Os pacientes com risco cárdio-embólico ou sem evidência de aterotrombose foram excluídos. Foram estabelecidas comparações entre os 3 grupos e dentro de cada grupo, formado sub-grupos de acordo com diferentes idades, território arterial comprometido e fatores de risco. A detecção da bactéria foi feita por reação de polimerização em cadeia. RESULTADOS: Somente um paciente, pertencente ao grupo controle, teve resultado positivo. CONCLUSÃO: Estes achados não sugerem que a C. pneumoniae participe no desencadeamento do AVC ou AIT ou que tenha papel na desestabilização da placa.

Chlamydia pneumoniae and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible link between symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque and Chlamydia pneumoniae. BACKGROUND: Recently, several studies have demonstrated that there may be a possible link between Chlamydia pneumonia and carotid atherosclerosis, however the real role of Chlamydia pneumoniae is not completely understood. METHOD: This is a prospective study with a total of 52 patients analyzed. All patients had been submitted to endarterectomy, and had suffered thrombotic ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack up to 60 days prior to the surgery. Every patient presented carotid stenosis over 70%. The plaque was removed during the surgery and the laboratory exams were immediately done. Evaluation of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The PCR analyses of all 52 patients were negative for Chlamydia pneumoniae. CONCLUSION: These initial results do not show a relationship between Chlamydia pneumoniae and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque.

Chlamydia pneumoniae and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible link between symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque and Chlamydia pneumoniae. BACKGROUND: Recently, several studies have demonstrated that there may be a possible link between Chlamydia pneumonia and carotid atherosclerosis, however the real role of Chlamydia pneumoniae is not completely understood. METHOD: This is a prospective study with a total of 52 patients analyzed. All patients had been submitted to endarterectomy, and had suffered thrombotic ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack up to 60 days prior to the surgery. Every patient presented carotid stenosis over 70 percent. The plaque was removed during the surgery and the laboratory exams were immediately done. Evaluation of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The PCR analyses of all 52 patients were negative for Chlamydia pneumoniae. CONCLUSION: These initial results do not show a relationship between Chlamydia pneumoniae and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a possível relação entre placa sintomática de carótidas e Chlamydia pneumoniae. INTRODUÇÃO: Vários estudos têm demonstrado uma possível relação entre Chlamydia pneumonia e aterosclerose carotídea, entretanto o papel definitivo da bactéria não é totalmente conhecido. Há muita especulação: poderia iniciar o processo aterosclerótico, agravá-lo ou desestabilizá-lo. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com um total de 52 pacientes, endarterectomizados e previamente acometidos de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico ou crise isquêmica transitória, em até 60 dias antes da cirurgia. Todos os pacientes apresentavam estenose carotídea superior a 70 por cento. Os testes laboratoriais foram realizados imediatamente após a endarterectomia. A Chlamydia pneumoniae foi pesquisada através de exame de DNA com reação de polimerização em cadeia (PCR). RESULTADOS: O PCR dos 52 pacientes foram negativos para Chlamydia pneumoniae. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados iniciais não mostram relação entre Chlamydia pneumoniae e desestabilização de placa aterosclerótica das carótidas.

Exacerbation of HIV viral load simultaneous with asymptomatic reactivation of chronic Chagas' disease.

Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection can reactivate in patients with immunosuppression related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, resulting in severe meningoencephalitis or myocarditis and high parasitemia. The effects of T. cruzi on HIV infection are unknown. We describe an HIV-infected patient with chronic Chagas' disease who experienced an asymptomatic T. cruzi reactivation characterized by the finding of the parasite in direct microscopic examination of blood. The patient's HIV viral load had increased simultaneously with the exacerbation of T. cruzi parasitemia and decreased to previous levels after successful antiparasitic treatment. This otherwise unexplained finding suggests that T. cruzi infection might up-regulate HIV replication, which may affect HIV disease progression. Asymptomatic reactivation of Chagas' disease has not been reported before. This could mean that the severe clinical manifestations related to the reactivation of trypanosomiasis are just the tip of the iceberg.

Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia in chronic Chagas disease: comparison between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients.

This study evaluated Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia in persons with chronic Chagas disease, compared the parasitemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and -negative subjects, and, for HIV-positive subjects, analyzed the association between parasitemia and occurrence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illnesses, CD4 cell counts, HIV loads, and antiretroviral therapy. In total, 110 adults with chronic Chagas disease (29 HIV positive, 81 HIV negative) were studied. T. cruzi parasitemia was evaluated by xenodiagnosis, blood culture, and direct microscopic examination of blood. T. cruzi parasitemia was detected significantly more frequently in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative subjects (odds ratio, 12.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.7-41.2). HIV-positive patients also had higher levels of parasitemia. No statistically significant association was seen between parasitemia and the variables of interest among the HIV-positive subjects.

Identificaçåo de bactérias gram positivas resistentes à vancomicina / Identification of vancomycin resistant gram positive bacteria

Infecçöes por bactérias Gram positivas resistentes à vancomicina têm surgido com aior frequência nos últimos anos, causando problemas clínicos e terapêuticos. Os laboratórios de microbiologia devem adequar-se técnicamente para detecçåo e identificaçåo destes microorganismos. Apresentamos uma revisåo bibliográfica sobre a importância clínica destes agentes bem como um fluxograma simplificado para sua correta identificaçåo

Avaliaçåo do "E Teste", um novo método para determinaçåo da concentraçÅo inibitória mínima de antimicrobianos / Evaluation of the \"E Test\", a new method for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination

O "E Teste" é um novo conceito para testes quantitativcos de sensibilidade, baseado em um gradiente pré definido do antibiótico incorporado em uma fita plástica. É usado para determinar a concentraçåo inibitória mínima (MIC) de antibióticos frente a bactérias crescendo em ágar. Os resultados obtidos pelo "E Teste" foram avaliados comparando-se com o método de diluiçåo em ágar e com o método da difusåo do disco, frente a 5 antimicrobianos e 50 bactérias. A correlaçåo entre as MICs pelos métodos da diluiçåo e "E Teste" foi boa, com 95,6 por cento dos resultados dentro de uma faixa de até 2 log2 das diluiçöes das drogas, num total de 250 testes. O "E Teste" é uma técnica versátil e confiável para determinaçåo de MICs de diferentes antibióticos em Laboratórios Clínicos de rotina

Infecçäo por Malassezia fufur: um alerta / Systemic infections by Malassezia furfur: alert

A Malassezia furfur é um fungo saprófita, lipofílico, encontrado frequentemente na pele de seres humanos, sendo responsável pela pitiríase versicolor, doença dermatológica benigna. Os casos de fungemia já descritos estäo frequentemente relacionados ao uso de cateteres centrais, à administraçäo de intralípides e ao tempo prolongado de hospitalizaçäo, principlamente em neonatos. Relatamos o isolamento da M.furfur, ao acaso a partir de mielocultura, em criança de 1 ano e 8 meses, portadora de Histiocitose X, em tratamento quimioterápico no Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP (HC-FMUSP)

Epidemilogia molecular de infecçöes hospitalares sequenciais em uma unidade de terapia intensiva causada por cepas multiresistentes de Klebsiella pneumoniae / Molecular epidemiology of sequencial hospital infections in an intensive care unit by multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Foram estudadas, durante o período de um ano, 17 amostras de Klebsiella pneumoniae isoladas de pacientes internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva e com infecçöes hospitalares diversas, com o objetivo de se averiguar a identidade das cepas envolvidas. A investigaçäo laboratorial envolveu a caracterizaçäo bioquímica, a determinaçäo do padräo de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e análise do conteúdo de DNA plasmidial dos microrganismos isolados. Os resultados mostraram que a análise do conteúdo plasmidial é uma metodologia bastante útil para diferenciar amostras bacterianas multirresistentes pertencentes a uma única espécie, bem como é mais sensível que a biotipagem e o antibiograma. Constatou-se também que a metodologia da Biologia Molecular permitiu o rastreamento das cepas envolvidas pelo estudo da disseminaçäo de plasmídios "R". Concluiu-se que a implantaçäo da metodologia da genética molecular vem proporcionar sistema preciso e confiável de vigilância epidemiológica facilitando a execuçäo de medidas de ordem técnico-administrativas no controle e prevençäo das infecçöes hospitalares