Estado de salud oral de pacientes hospitalizados con trastornos mentales: Revisión sistemática de la literatura / Oral Health Status of Hospitalized Patients with Mental Disorders: Systematic Review of the Literature

RESUMEN De acuerdo a la literatura, los pacientes hospitalizados con trastornos mentales (TM), tienen mayor riesgo a desarrollar caries y enfermedad periodontal que la población general, asociado a la dificultad motora para hacerse una adecuada higiene oral, a los efectos adversos que ocasionan los medicamentos para el control de los síntomas psiquiátricos y a la falta de cuidado oral y atención clínica. El objetivo era realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el estado de salud oral de pacientes hospitalizados con TM. Se hizo una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en PubMed, de acuerdo con la metodología de la declaración PRISMA, a través de los descriptores en salud MeSh "Dental Caries" y "Mental Disorders" a febrero de 2017. De acuerdo a los diferentes filtros que fueron aplicados, se obtuvieron 14 artículos que describieron el estado de salud oral -mediante el índice COP-D (dientes con caries, dientes con restauraciones, dientes perdidos y dientes con extracción mandatoria)- de pacientes hospitalizados con TM. Se debe promover el reconocimiento de la importancia de la salud oral por parte de los profesionales de la salud, cuidadores y familiares; se debe explorar la cavidad oral para determinar el estado de salud además de instruir a los pacientes y personal de apoyo en higiene oral; las instituciones de salud mental deben establecer un programa de intervención para eliminar focos infecciosos orales y luego implementar un programa preventivo multidisciplinario para mantener la salud oral de acuerdo al diagnóstico del TM.

ABSTRACT According to the literature, hospitalized patients with mental disorders have a higher risk of developing cavities and periodontal disease than the general population, associated with the motor difficulty to perform adequate oral hygiene, to the adverse effects caused by drugs for the control of psychiatric symptoms, as well as the lack of oral care and clinical care. The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the oral health status of hospitalized patients with mental disorders (MD). A systematic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed, according to the PRISMA statement methodology, through the MeSh health descriptors "Dental Caries" and "Mental Disorders" in February 2017. According to the different filters that were applied, 14 articles describing the oral health status were obtained - through the DMF-T index (teeth with cavities, teeth with restorations, missing teeth and teeth with necessary extraction)- of hospitalized patients with MD. The recognition of the importance of oral health by health professionals, carers and family members should be promoted; the oral cavity should be explored to determine the state of health in addition to instructing patients and support personnel in oral hygiene; mental health institutions should establish an intervention programme to eliminate oral infectious sites and then implement a multidisciplinary preventive programme to maintain oral health according to the MD diagnosis.

Oral health status of hospitalised patients with mental disorders: Systematic review of the literature.

According to the literature, hospitalised patients with mental disorders have a higher risk of developing cavities and periodontal disease than the general population, associated with the motor difficulty to perform adequate oral hygiene, to the adverse effects caused by drugs for the control of psychiatric symptoms, as well as the lack of oral care and clinical care. The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the oral health status of hospitalised patients with mental disorders (MD). A systematic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed, according to the PRISMA statement methodology, through the MeSh health descriptors "Dental Caries" and "Mental Disorders" in February 2017. According to the different filters that were applied, 14 articles describing the oral health status were obtained-through the DMF-T index (teeth with cavities, teeth with restorations, missing teeth and teeth with necessary extraction)-of hospitalised patients with MD. The recognition of the importance of oral health by health professionals, carers and family members should be promoted; the oral cavity should be explored to determine the state of health in addition to instructing patients and support personnel in oral hygiene; mental health institutions should establish an intervention programme to eliminate oral infectious sites and then implement a multidisciplinary preventive programme to maintain oral health according to the MD diagnosis.

Oral Health Status of Hospitalised Patients with Mental Disorders: Systematic Review of the Literature. / Estado de salud oral de pacientes hospitalizados con trastornos mentales: Revisión sistemática de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: According to the literature, hospitalised patients with mental disorders have a higher risk of developing cavities and periodontal disease than the general population, associated with the motor difficulty to perform adequate oral hygiene, to the adverse effects caused by drugs for the control of psychiatric symptoms, as well as the lack of oral care and clinical care. AIM: To carry out a systematic review of the literature on the oral health status of hospitalised patients with mental disorders (MD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed, according to the PRISMA statement methodology, through the MeSh health descriptors "Dental Caries" and "Mental Disorders" in February 2017 RESULTS: According to the different filters that were applied, 14 articles describing the oral health status were obtained - through the DMF-T index (teeth with cavities, teeth with restorations, missing teeth and teeth with necessary extraction)- of hospitalised patients with MD. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition of the importance of oral health by health professionals, carers and family members should be promoted; the oral cavity should be explored to determine the state of health in addition to instructing patients and support personnel in oral hygiene; mental health institutions should establish an intervention programme to eliminate oral infectious sites and then implement a multidisciplinary preventive programme to maintain oral health according to the MD diagnosis.

Birth defects surveillance: experiences in Argentina and Colombia.

Birth defects (BDs) are structural or functional anomalies, sporadic or hereditary, of prenatal origin. Public health surveillance is defined as the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. BD surveillance systems may have different characteristics according to design, coverage, type of surveillance, case ascertainment, case definition, BD description, maximum age of diagnosis, pregnancy outcomes, coding systems, and the location of the coding process (central or local). The aim of this article is to describe and compare methodology, applications, and results of birth defect surveillance systems in two South-American countries: Colombia and Argentina. In both countries, the surveillance systems developed activities in relation to the Zika virus emergency. For most BDs, a statistically significant higher prevalence is observed in Argentina-RENAC than in Colombian registries. This may be due to methodological reasons or real differences in prevalence. The strengths, weaknesses, and the future perspectives of the Argentine and Colombian systems are presented. When developing a surveillance system, the objectives, the available resources, and previous experiences in similar contexts must be taken into account. In that sense, the experience of Argentina and Colombia can be useful for others when developing a birth defect surveillance system.

Efectos tempranos de un programa integral de prevención cardiovascular guiado por el riesgo de aterosclerosis sobre la edad vascular / Short-term effects on vascular age of an integrated atherosclerosis risk-guided cardiovascular prevention program

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar a corto plazo el efecto de un programa integral de prevención cardiovascular guiado por el riesgo de aterosclerosis sobre la edad vascular y factores de riesgo mayores. Métodos: estudio de intervención cuasi-experimental que incluyó 190 pacientes con múltiples comorbilidades y dos o más factores de riesgo cardiovascular, entre 2013 y 2015. Los casos analizados (n = 177) presentaban múltiples factores de riesgo o síndrome metabólico, razón por la cual recibieron un programa integral de tratamiento guiado por una estratificación clínica de aterosclerosis. Se hizo un seguimiento durante tres meses y se compararon: presión arterial, perfil lipídico, HbA1c, medidas antropométricas, riesgo cardiovascular global a 10 años y edad vascular, antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: se observó disminución en la presión arterial sistólica de 6,9 mm Hg (IC 95%; 4,6- 9,3; p < 0,001), presión arterial diastólica de 2,8 mm Hg (IC 95%; 1,3-4,3; p < 0,001), colesterol total de 10,1 mg/dl (IC 95%; 2,5-17,7; p = 0,010), colesterol LDL de 9,9 mg/dl (IC 95%; 2,1- 17,6; p = 0,013) y HbA1c de 0,4% (IC 95%; 0,2-0,6; p < 0,001). Además, reducción del riesgo cardiovascular global a 10 años del 4,8% (IC 95%; 3,2-6,5; p < 0,001), así como de la edad vascular de 1,4 años (IC 95%; 0,6-2,3; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: a corto plazo, en pacientes con múltiples comorbilidades, el programa integral de prevención cardiovascular implementado, guiado por el riesgo de aterosclerosis, mostró una reducción en las cifras de presión arterial, colesterol total, colesterol LDL, HbA1c, puntaje de riesgo cardiovascular global a 10 años y edad vascular.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the short-term effects on vascular age and other major risk factors of an integrated atherosclerosis risk-guided cardiovascular prevention program. Methods: A quasi-experimental intervention study was conducted between the years 2013 to 2015 on 190 patients with multiple comorbidities and two or more cardiovascular risk factors. Of the cases analysed, the 177 patients that had multiple risk factors or metabolic síndrome entered the integrated atherosclerosis clinical stratification-guided program. The variables measured before and after the intervention during a three months follow-up, included blood pressure, lipid profile, HbA1c, anthropometric measurements, overall 10-year cardiovascular risk, and vascular age. Results: Decreases were observed in, the mean systolic blood pressure (6.9 mmHg, 95% CI; 4.6-9.3, P<.001), diastolic blood pressure (2.8 mmHg, 95% CI; 1.3-4.3, P<.001), Total Cholesterol (10.1 mg/dl, 95% CI; 2.5-17.7; P=.010), LDL Cholesterol (9.9 mg/dl, 95% CI; 2.1-17.6; P=.013), and HbA1c (0.4%, 95% CI; 0.2-0.6, P<.001). There was also a reduction in the overall 10-year cardiovascular risk (4.8%, 95% CI; 3.2-6.5, P<.001)), as well as vascular age (1.4 years, 95% CI; 0.6-2.3, P<.001)). Conclusions: In the short-term, the integrated atherosclerosis risk-guided cardiovascular prevention program implemented in patients with multiple comorbidities showed a reduction in blood pressure levels, as well as those for Total Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, HbA1c, the overall 10-year cardiovascular risk score, and vascular age.

Sofrología / Sofrology

En este artículo haremos énfasis en el estrés en el profesional de enfermería y en sus consecuencias psicofísicas. Se describirán los diferentes enfoques que actualmente se recomiendan para prevenir y tratar el estrés y se explicará cómo las técnicas sofrológicas son una buena alternativa en el tratamiento del mismo desde el punto de vista físico, cognitivo, emocional y conductual. Se concluye proponiendo la metodología sofrológica como una disciplina que puede ser practicada tanto por el profesional de enfermería como por sus propios pacientes. En ambos colectivos se ha demostrado su efectividad en la prevención y el tratamiento del estrés

In this article, the authors shall place emphasis on stress among nursing professionals and on its psycho-physical consequences. The authors will describe the different focuses which are currently recommended to prevent and treat stress and they will explain how the sofrology techniques are a good alternative in the treatment of stress from the physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral perspectives. The authors conclude by proposing the sofrologic method as a discipline which may be practiced by both nursing professional and their patients. In both groups, the effectiveness of this method in the prevention and treatment of stress has been demonstrated