Resistência ao jejum de Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão, 1993 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) em condições de laboratório / Resistance of Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão, 1993 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) to fasting under laboratory conditions

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a capacidade de resistência à privação alimentar de Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg, & Galvão, 1993, em condições de laboratório sob temperatura e umidade média ambiental registrada. Ovos recém colocados, de casais previamente separados, foram transferidos para tubos de polipropileno com tampa de rosca, com capacidade para 50 mL, forrados com papel filtro e, em seu interior, foi colocada uma tira do mesmo papel, dobrada, para aumentar a área de contato dos insetos e remover o excesso de umidade. A seguir, os espécimes foram individualizados, identificados e, após a eclosão, observados até a sua morte depois de uma única alimentação. A médiada resistência à privação alimentar observada, em dias, foi de 23, 45 ± 6, 42; 40,52 ± 22,57; 70,39 ± 38,46; 119, 6 ± 51, 44 e 160, 0 ± 49, 44 para os estádios de 1º ao 5º, respectivamente, enquanto as formas adultas resistiram 52, 65 ± 12, 16 dias para os machos e 46, 50 ± 18, 05 dias para as fêmeas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Rhodnius stali Lent, Jurberg & Galvão, 1993 to food deprivation under laboratory conditions at mean environmental temperature and humidity rates. Recently laid eggs from previously separated pairs were transferred to 50 mL propylene assay tubes with screw caps wrapped with filter paper. A strip of filterpaper was included inside to increase the insects' contact area and remove excess humidity. Specimens were isolated, identified, and observed after hatching until they died, having received only one feeding. The mean resistance to food deprivation was 23. 45 ± 6. 42; 40.52 ± 22. 57; 70. 39 ± 38.46; 119. 6 ± 51. 44, and 160. 0 ± 49. 44 days for the 1st to 5th stages, respectively. Adult males resisted for 52. 65 ± 12.16 days, and females resisted for 46.50 ± 18.05 days.

Efeitos da metformina na disfunção endotelial da circulação renal induzida pela hiperglicemia em coelhos não diabéticos / Effects of metformin on endothelial dysfunction of the renal circulation resulting from acute hyperglycemia in non-diabetic rabbits

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da metformina (Met) na disfunção endotelial da circulação renal de coelhos não diabéticos induzida por concentrações de glicose usualmente observadas em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) em tratamento ambulatorial. METODOLOGIA: Rins isolados de coelhos não diabéticos foram expostos por 3h a concentrações normais (100mg/dl) e elevadas (270mg/dl) de glicose na presença ou ausência de Met (100µM). Os níveis de glicose utilizados correspondem à mediana da glicemia pós-prandial (270mg/dl) obtida 2h após o café da manhã em 780 pacientes com DM2 atendidos em nosso serviço. A reatividade vascular (RV) dependente do endotélio (DE) foi avaliada com acetilcolina (ACh) e independente do endotélio (IE) com nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS). RESULTADO: Houve redução significativa na vasodilatação DE no grupo com infusão elevada de glicose em comparação ao controle (redução máxima na pressão de perfusão de respectivamente 25 ± 3 vs. 41 ± 3 por cento; p< 0,01). No grupo de infusão com concentrações elevadas de glicose associada à infusão contínua de Met, a resposta vasodilatadora DE foi restaurada sem haver diferença significativa com o grupo controle (redução da pressão de perfusão respectivamente de 43 ± 1,5 por cento e 41 ± 3 por cento, p> 0,05). A Met não alterou a vasodilatação induzida pela ACh na presença de níveis normais de glicose. Finalmente, a vasodilatação renal induzida por NPS não foi modificada pela infusão conjunta de glicose e Met. CONCLUSÃO: Níveis de glicose observados em pacientes com DM2 em tratamento ambulatorial são capazes de provocar alterações agudas na RV no modelo experimental estudado, sendo estes efeitos totalmente abolidos pela Met. Os mecanismos envolvidos nesta ação protetora da Met merecem investigações específicas.

[Effects of metformin on endothelial dysfunction of the renal circulation resulting from acute hyperglycemia in non-diabetic rabbits]. / Efeitos da metformina na disfunção endotelial da circulação renal induzida pela hiperglicemia em coelhos não diabéticos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of metformin (Met) on the endothelial dysfunction of the renal circulation of non-diabetic rabbits acutely induced by levels of glucose usually observed in diabetic patients in daily clinical practice. METHODS: Isolated perfused kidneys from non-diabetic rabbits were exposed for 3 h to normal (100 mg/dl--control group) or high (270 mg/dl) D-glucose with or without Met (100 microM). The glucose levels used correspond to 2 h post-breakfast median values (272 mg/dl) obtained from a cohort of 780 type 2 diabetic (DM2) outpatients seen in our service. Vascular reactivity was evaluated with endothelium-dependent (ED) [acetylcholine-ACh] and independent (EI) [sodium nitroprusside-SNP] vasodilating agents. RESULTS: Kidneys perfused with high glucose had ED maximal vasodilation blunted in comparison to controls (respectively 25 +/- 3 and 41 +/- 3%; p < 0.01). A 3 h Met infusion restored the vasodilating effect of ACh in the renal circulation in the presence of high glucose, no different from controls (respectively 43 +/- 1.5 vs. 41 +/- 3% p > 0.05). Met did not affect maximum vasodilation induced by ACh in the presence of normal glucose levels. Finally, renal vasodilation induced by SNP was not modified by simultaneous infusion of glucose and Met. CONCLUSIONS: Acute hyperglycemia corresponding to the range observed in patients with DM2 induces endothelial dysfunction in the renal circulation of normal rabbits. Acute treatment with Met was able to protect the renal circulation against the effects of high glucose. The mechanisms involved in this protector effect deserve further investigation.

Glucose levels observed in daily clinical practice induce endothelial dysfunction in the rabbit macro- and microcirculation.

We investigated whether different concentrations of elevated glucose - corresponding to levels observed in patients with type 2 diabetes under routine care (post-prandial mean and maximum values) and those used for diagnosing diabetes - induce impairment of vascular reactivity of the macro- and microcirculation in non-diabetic rabbits. Aortic rings and isolated perfused kidneys from normal rabbits were acutely exposed (3 h) to normal (5.5 mm) or high (7-25 mM) D-glucose concentrations. Vascular reactivity was evaluated with endothelium-dependent [acetylcholine (ACh) and bradykinin (BK)] and independent [sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] vasodilating agents. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of the thoracic aorta induced by ACh or BK was significantly attenuated after a 3-h exposure to high D-glucose (15-25 mM) but not after corresponding increased osmolarity with mannitol solutions. Relaxation induced by SNP (endothelium-independent) was not affected by high D-glucose concentrations. Moreover, endothelium-dependent but not independent vasodilation of the isolated rabbit kidney was also impaired after 3-h perfusion with high D-glucose (11.1-25 mM). Perfusion with mannitol solutions (15-25 mM) partially blunted endothelium-dependent renal vasodilation. It is concluded that acute hyperglycemia corresponding to post-prandial levels in patients with type 2 diabetes induces endothelial dysfunction of conduit vessels as well as of the renal circulation of non-diabetic rabbits.

Níveis glicêmicos usados para o diagnóstico do diabetes mellitus alteram a funçäo endotelial? Estudo em rim isolado de coelhos normais / Is endothelial function altered by glucose levels used in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus? Study in the isolated rabbit kidney

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos agudos de concentrações de glicose usadas para o diagnóstico do diabetes mellitus, na reatividade vascular (RV) de rim isolado de coelhos normais. METODOLOGIA: Rins isolados de coelhos normais foram agudamente expostos (3hs) a concentrações normais (5,5mM) e elevadas (7, 7,8 e 11,1mM) de glicose. A RV foi avaliada com acetilcolina. RESULTADO: Houve reduçäo significativa na vasodilataçäo dependente do endotélio no grupo com glicose 11,1mM em comparaçäo ao controle (reduçäo máxima na pressäo de perfusäo de 24±3 vs. 41±4 por cento; p<0,05), mas näo ocorreram diferenças significativas entre os grupos com glicose 7 e 7,8mM e o controle (reduções máximas na pressäo de perfusäo de 39±4 e 34±3, respectivamente, vs. 41±4 por cento, p>0,05). CONCLUSAO: Níveis de glicose utilizados para o diagnóstico pós-TOTG de DM säo capazes de provocar alterações agudas na RV. Estes efeitos näo foram observados com os valores diagnósticos de jejum. Especulamos que a glicemia pós-TOTG possa estar mais relacionada com a presença de disfunçäo endotelial do que os níveis diagnósticos de jejum e, por isto, se correlacione melhor com o risco cardiovascular.

Effects of high glucose concentrations on the endothelial function of the renal microcirculation of rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the acute effects of high glucose concentrations on vascular reactivity in the isolated non diabetic rabbit kidney. METHODS: Rabbits were anaesthetized for isolation of the kidneys. Renal arteries and veins were cannulated for perfusion with Krebs-Henselleit solution and measurement of perfusion pressure. After 3 hours of perfusion with glucose 5,5 mM (control ) and 15 mM, the circulation was submitted to sub maximal precontraction (80% of maximal response) trough continuous infusion of noradrenaline 10 mM. Vascular reactivity was then assessed trough dose-responses curves with endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators. The influence of hyperosmolarity was analyzed with perfusion with mannitol 15mM. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in glucose 15mM group was observed compared to that in control, but there was no difference in endothelium-independent vasodilation. After perfusion with mannitol 15 mM, a less expressive reduction in endothelium-dependent vasodilation was observed, only reaching significance in regard to the greatest dose of acetylcholine. CONCLUSION: High levels of glucose similar to those found in diabetic patients in the postprandial period can cause significant acute changes in renal vascular reactivity rabbits. In diabetic patients these effects may also occur and contribute to diabetes vascular disease.

Efeitos de altas concentrações de glicose na função endotelial da microcirculação renal de coelhos / Effects of high glucose concentrations on the endothelial function of the renal microcirculation of rabbits

OBJECTIVE: To assess the acute effects of high glucose concentrations on vascular reactivity in the isolated non diabetic rabbit kidney. METHODS: Rabbits were anaesthetized for isolation of the kidneys. Renal arteries and veins were cannulated for perfusion with Krebs-Henselleit solution and measurement of perfusion pressure. After 3 hours of perfusion with glucose 5,5 mM (control ) and 15 mM, the circulation was submitted to sub maximal precontraction (80 percent of maximal response) trough continuous infusion of noradrenaline 10 mM. Vascular reactivity was then assessed trough dose-responses curves with endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine) and independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators. The influence of hyperosmolarity was analyzed with perfusion with mannitol 15mM. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the endothelium-dependent vasodilation in glucose 15mM group was observed compared to that in control, but there was no difference in endothelium-independent vasodilation. After perfusion with mannitol 15 mM, a less expressive reduction in endothelium-dependent vasodilation was observed, only reaching significance in regard to the greatest dose of acetylcholine. CONCLUSION: High levels of glucose similar to those found in diabetic patients in the postprandial period can cause significant acute changes in renal vascular reactivity rabbits. In diabetic patients these effects may also occur and contribute to diabetes vascular disease