Dyspnea and Palliative Care in Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Rapid Review.

Dyspnea is the most common and activity-limiting symptom for those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Treatment is complex, palliative care (PC) dyspnea relief interventions are poorly understood, and PC remains underutilized in COPD despite national guidelines and recommendations. The purpose of this rapid review was to explore the concept of dyspnea and role of PC through the lens of providers, caregivers, and patients with COPD. A systematic approach for synthesis was used to identify 13 articles published between January 2018 and October 2023. Team members compared data via visualization and theme clustering to identify key conclusions describing operationalization of dyspnea, management, and PC implications. Dyspnea operationalization was challenging, with inconsistent measurement and terminology. Dyspnea was a significant burden in COPD and contributed to complexity of treatment. Opioids were used most often to treat dyspnea, but provider perspectives and biases can influence treatment decisions and perceptions of opioid therapy by the patient and caregiver. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and policies are needed to clarify the use of opioid therapy for dyspnea management to reduce stigmatization and barriers to treatment. Provider education should emphasize a multipronged approach to treatment of dyspnea in COPD with integration of PC early in the care continuum.

Nebulized Fentanyl for Dyspnea: A Retrospective Chart Review.

Nebulized fentanyl is well established for analgesia but its use for dyspnea requires further investigation. The aim of our study was to determine the effectiveness of nebulized fentanyl in treating patients with dyspnea and to determine if there were harmful side effects described by patients or their providers. We used a convenience sample of patients from July 1 2014 to July 1 2018 and performed a retrospective chart review. We found that 360 doses of nebulized fentanyl were given to 73 patients during that time period. Of the 73 patients evaluated, 32 patients (43.8%) were female and forty-one were male (56.1%). The median age was 67 and the median length of stay was 9 days. There were no documented findings of bronchospasm, hypotension, or allergic reaction in any of the medical records reviewed. Patients treated with nebulized fentanyl for dyspnea showed a mean decreased respiratory rate of 4.3 breaths/min and a mean increased oxygen saturation of 2.3%. Also, 71% of patients with documented responses experienced an improvement in their dyspnea. Our preliminary data suggest that nebulized fentanyl has limited side effects and may have a role in the treatment of dyspnea. Further research is necessary to determine its efficacy.

Ethical and Clinical Considerations in Treating Infections at the End of Life.

Patients often affirm the goal to pursue comfort at the end of life, although clinicians may struggle with how best to provide comfort and face the ethical dilemma of treating or allowing a suspected infection to unfold. Treating an infection at the end of life does not allow for uniform improvement in symptoms and more time with family and friends. Additionally, there is potential for burden to the patient or health care system and treatment may occur to the exclusion of other comfort measures. Currently, the practice of providing or forgoing antibiotics at the end of life is variable, and literature supporting best practices can be contradictory. Data to support the use or withholding of treatment have been scant and vary across settings and patient populations. We review common obstacles providers face, prognostication tools that may assist in clinical decision making, the ethical support for withholding therapy, and how to factor in potential burdens of treatment. We propose that nurses, whether at the bedside in an acute care or nursing facility or in the home setting as a member of the interdisciplinary home hospice team, are uniquely qualified to help patients and families navigate this challenging clinical decision.

The Smac mimetic RMT5265.2HCL induces apoptosis in EBV and HTLV-I associated lymphoma cells by inhibiting XIAP and promoting the mitochondrial release of cytochrome C and Smac.

The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) are important regulators of apoptosis. However, little is known about the capacity of Smac mimetics (IAP inhibitor) to overcome virally associated-lymphoma's (VAL) resistance to apoptosis. Here, we explored the pro-apoptotic effect of a novel Smac mimetic, RMT5265.2HCL (RMT) in VAL cells. RMT improved the sensitivity to apoptosis in EBV- and to some extend in HTLV-1- but not in HHV-8-VAL. Furthermore, we identified that RMT promotes caspase 3 and 9 cleavage by inhibiting XIAP and inducing the mitochondrial efflux of Smac and cytochrome C. This investigation further support exploring the use of Smac inhibitors in VAL.

Use of conivaptan to allow aggressive hydration to prevent tumor lysis syndrome in a pediatric patient with large-cell lymphoma and SIADH.

The available treatment options for hyponatremia secondary to SIADH are limited and not completely effective. Conivaptan is a vasopressin 1a and 2 receptor antagonist recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia in adult patients. However, data on efficacy and safety of conivaptan in pediatrics are limited. We report a case of a 13-year-old boy with extensively metastasized anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. He also developed hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) prior to chemotherapy initiation. SIADH management in this case was complicated when fluid restriction was not safely attainable. Conivaptan played a significant role in this situation by allowing provision of a large amount of intravenous fluid prior to and during induction chemotherapy. It proved to be an important component in preventing uric acid nephropathy/tumor lysis syndrome. Conivaptan induced free-water clearance as indicated by increased urine output and decreased urine osmolality. The patient responded to conivaptan without any adverse effects.

A variant t(8;10;21) in a patient with pathological features mimicking atypical chronic myeloid leukemia.

We report the case of an 11-year-old girl who was initially diagnosed with a chronic myeloproliferative disorder, possibly chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), based on laboratory and blood and marrow morphological findings. The patient's high leukocyte count did not respond to hydroxyurea, a standard initial therapy for CML. Chromosomal analysis revealed that the patient did not have t(9;22), but a complex t(8;10;21)(q22;q24;q22), a variant of t(8;21). The treatment regime was switched to an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) protocol; the patient responded well and is now in remission. This case demonstrates again that routine clinical cytogenetic analysis plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis, guidance of treatment, and prognostication in hematological disorders.