Long-segment thoracoabdominal aortic coarctation in a child with Down syndrome.

Midaortic syndrome is a rare vascular anomaly characterized by coarctation of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta. Down syndrome is associated with multiple congenital cardiac malformations but is rarely associated with developmental vascular anomalies. Midaortic syndrome may result in severe renovascular hypertension that requires early intervention to prevent life-threatening complications. We report a child with Down syndrome who presented with occlusion of the aorta and was treated with aortic bypass. More than 4 years after the procedure, the patient's renal function remains normal, and there is no evidence of recurrent hypertension. Long-term follow-up is important to assess the benefits of surgical repair.

Impact of a program to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infection in the zero tolerance era.

BACKGROUND: Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is one of the most important health care-associated infections in the critical care setting. METHODS: A quasiexperimental study involving multiple interventions to reduce the incidence of CLABSI was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) and in 2 step-down units (SDUs). From March 2005 to March 2007 (phase 1 [P1]), some Centers for Disease Control and Prevention evidence-based practices were implemented. From April 2007 to April 2009 (P2), we intervened in these processes at the same time that performance monitoring was occurring at the bedside, and we implemented the Institute for Healthcare Improvement central line bundle for all ICU and SDU patients requiring central venous lines. RESULTS: The mean incidence density of CLABSI per 1000 catheter-days in the ICU was 6.4 in phase 1 and 3.2 in phase 2, P < .001. The mean incidence density of CLABSI per 1000 catheter-days in the SDUs was 4.1 in phase 1 and 1.6 in phase 2, P = .005. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that reducing CLABSI rates in an ICU setting is a complex process that involves multiple performance measures and interventions that can also be applied to SDU settings.

Positive deviance: a new strategy for improving hand hygiene compliance.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a positive deviance strategy for the improvement of hand hygiene compliance in 2 adult step-down units. DESIGN: A 9-month, controlled trial comparing the effect of positive deviance on compliance with hand hygiene. SETTING: Two 20-bed step-down units at a tertiary care private hospital. METHODS: The first phase of our study was a 3-month baseline period (from April to June 2008) in which hand hygiene episodes were counted by use of electronic handwashing counters. From July to September 2008 (ie, the second phase), a positive deviance strategy was implemented in the east unit; the west unit was the control unit. During the period from October to December 2008 (ie, the third phase), positive deviance was applied in both units. RESULTS: During the first phase, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 step-down units in the number of episodes of hand hygiene per 1,000 patient-days or in the incidence density of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) per 1,000 patient-days. During the second phase, there were 62,000 hand hygiene episodes per 1,000 patient-days in the east unit and 33,570 hand hygiene episodes per 1,000 patient-days in the west unit (P < .01 ). The incidence density of HAIs per 1,000 patient-days was 6.5 in the east unit and 12.7 in the west unit (p = .04). During the third phase, there was no statistically significant difference in hand hygiene episodes per 1,000 patient-days (P = .16) or in incidence density of HAIs per 1,000 patient-days. CONCLUSION: A positive deviance strategy yielded a significant improvement in hand hygiene, which was associated with a decrease in the overall incidence of HAIs.

Successful prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in an intensive care setting.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common health care-associated infections (HAIs) in critical care settings. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the effect of a series of interventions, implemented in 3 different periods to reduce the incidence of VAP in an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: A quasiexperimental study was conducted in a medical-surgical ICU. Multiple interventions to optimize VAP prevention were performed during different phases. From March 2001 to December 2002 (phase 1: P1), some Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) evidence-based practices were implemented. From January 2003 to December 2006 (P2), we intervened in these processes at the same time that performance monitoring was occurring at the bedside, and, from January 2007 to September 2008 (P3), we continued P2 interventions and implemented the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's ventilator bundle plus oral decontamination with chlorhexidine and continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions. RESULTS: The incidence density of VAP in the ICU per 1000 patient-days was 16.4 in phase 1, 15.0 in phase 2, and 10.4 in phase 3, P=.05. Getting to zero VAP was possible only in P3 when compliance with all interventions exceeded 95%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that reducing VAP rates to zero is a complex process that involves multiple performance measures and interventions.

The effect of limiting antimicrobial therapy duration on antimicrobial resistance in the critical care setting.

BACKGROUND: Using antimicrobial agents for prolonged periods of time and/or in heavy densities is known to contribute to antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: A quasiexperimental, before and after study to limit the duration of antimicrobial therapy to 14 days was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU). An intervention to optimize antimicrobial therapy was performed when antimicrobial agents had been prescribed for more than 14 days. We then compared antimicrobial utilization using the defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 patient-days, as well as resistance rates in selected organisms in the intervention phase to the previous 10-month period. RESULTS: In the intervention phase, doctors approved to discontinue the antimicrobial therapy before 14 days in 89.8% (415/462) of the prescribed antibiotics in the ICU. Comparing the 2 time periods, we found a reduction in carbapenems (24.5% decrease), vancomycin (14.3% decrease), and cephalosporins (12.2% decrease) in the intervention phase. Imipenem resistance decreased in Acinetobacter baumannii from 88.5% to 20.0% (P

Brazilian Sepsis Epidemiological Study (BASES study).

INTRODUCTION: Consistent data about the incidence and outcome of sepsis in Latin American intensive care units (ICUs), including Brazil, are lacking. This study was designed to verify the actual incidence density and outcome of sepsis in Brazilian ICUs. We also assessed the association between the Consensus Conference criteria and outcome METHODS: This is a multicenter observational cohort study performed in five private and public, mixed ICUs from two different regions of Brazil. We prospectively followed 1383 adult patients consecutively admitted to those ICUs from May 2001 to January 2002, until their discharge, 28th day of stay, or death. For all patients we collected the following data at ICU admission: age, gender, hospital and ICU admission diagnosis, APACHE II score, and associated underlying diseases. During the following days, we looked for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock criteria, as well as recording the sequential organ failure assessment score. Infection was diagnosed according to CDC criteria for nosocomial infection, and for community-acquired infection, clinical, radiological and microbiological parameters were used. RESULTS: For the whole cohort, median age was 65.2 years (49-76), median length of stay was 2 days (1-6), and the overall 28-day mortality rate was 21.8%. Considering 1383 patients, the incidence density rates for sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were 61.4, 35.6 and 30.0 per 1000 patient-days, respectively. The mortality rate of patients with SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock increased progressively from 24.3% to 34.7%, 47.3% and 52.2%, respectively. For patients with SIRS without infection the mortality rate was 11.3%. The main source of infection was lung/respiratory tract. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary data suggest that sepsis is a major public health problem in Brazilian ICUs, with an incidence density about 57 per 1000 patient-days. Moreover, there was a close association between ACCP/SCCM categories and mortality rate.

Brazilian Sepsis Epidemiological Study (BASES study)

(ICUs), including Brazil, are lacking. This study was designed to verify the actual incidence density and outcome of sepsis in Brazilian ICUs. We also assessed the association between the Consensus Conference criteria and outcome Methods This is a multicenter observational cohort study performed in five private and public, mixed ICUs from two different regions of Brazil. We prospectively followed 1383 adult patients consecutively admitted to those ICUs from May 2001 to January 2002, until their discharge, 28th day of stay, or death. For all patients we collected the following data at ICU admission: age, gender, hospital and ICU admission diagnosis, APACHE II score, and associated underlying diseases. During the following days, we looked for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock criteria, as well as recording the sequential organ failure assessment score.Infection was diagnosed according to CDC criteria for nosocomial infection, and for community-acquired infection, clinical, radiological and microbiological parameters were used. Results For the whole cohort, median age was 65.2 years (49–76), median length of stay was 2 days (1–6), and the overall 28-day mortality rate was 21.8%. Considering 1383 patients, the incidence density rates for sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were 61.4, 35.6 and 30.0 per 1000 patient-days, respectively. The mortality rate of patients with SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock increased progressively from 24.3% to 34.7%, 47.3% and 52.2%, respectively. For patients with SIRS without infection the mortality rate was 11.3%. The main source of infection was lung/respiratory tract. Conclusion Our preliminary data suggest that sepsis is a major public health problem in Brazilian ICUs, with an incidence density about 57 per 1000 patient-days. Moreover, there was a close association between ACCP/SCCM categories and mortality rate.

Guia de tomada de decisão em cardiopatias congênitas em página Web na Internet: modelo Atresia Tricúspide / Guidelines to decision-making in congenital heart disease on the WEB interface: Tricuspid Atresia model

Estimulada pelo desafio de gerenciar toda a informação envolvida na formação do conhecimento na área de saúde, a Informática Médica desenvolveu-se em larga escala em todos os países. O recente sucesso da rede Internet como veículo de distribuição de informação incentiva a elaboração de programas médicos para utilização através dessa rede. A elaboração de um programa de apoio à decisão - para cardiopatias congênitas em forma de documento em hipertexto de World-Wide Web - apresentado pela Internet possibilitaria o aproveitamento das características de processamento e armazenamento distribuído dessa rede. Este projeto teve como objetivos: criar um modelo de guia de tomada de decisão em cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica usando como base a Atresia Tricúspide; avaliar o grau de complexidade da criação deste modelo e os benefícios pelo emprego de interface em página WEB; testar sua validação com os casos de 16 pacientes tratados na Universidade Federal de São Paulo, no período de 1980 a março de 1997. Com a utilização de hardware adequado e da linguagem de programação HTML, o programa foi desenvolvido com a utilização de 7 telas de fluxograma, conjunto de textos e 37 ilustrações. Durante a elaboração deste modelo foi possível constatar a possibilidade de fácil desenvolvimento e rápida atualização. O resultado da validação mostrou concordância significativa (91,66 por cento) com as indicações cirúrgicas realizadas pelos especialistas, na Universidade Federal de São Paulo.

Tratamento dos aneurismas da aorta descendente por endoprótese (tromba de elefante) / Treatment of descending aorta aneurysms with endoprosthesis (elephant trunk)

Os aneurismas da aorta descendente ainda causam grande mortalidade e morbidade, apesar dos avanços da cirurgia cardiovascular moderna. Neste trabalho utilizamos, originalmente em nosso meio, uma técnica recente que consiste na inserçao de uma prótese de Dacron intraluminar, suturada apenas em sua porçao proximal, logo após a subclávia esquerda e que transpoe a zona do aneurisma, ficando solta no interior da aorta em sua porçao distal (tromba de elefante). A operaçao é realizada com circulaçao extracorpórea, hipotermia profunda de l9 graus Celsius, com parada circulatória no tempo suficiente para a inserçao da prótese e sutura da sua borda proximal. Desde maio de 1988, oito pacientes fizeram parte deste estudo, sendo que seis eram dissecçoes da aorta tipo B e dois casos, aneurismas verdadeiros. A simplicidade e rapidez do procedimento, assim como os resultados pós-operatórios obtidos nos animam a prosseguir e recomendar este tipo de alternativa tática, especialmente nas dissecçoes de aorta tipo B.