Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 51
Filter
1.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 27(10): 3913-3922, out. 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1404135

ABSTRACT

Resumo Este ensaio explora a relação entre diversidade e saúde pública ao abordar tensões que envolvem classificações e reconhecimento no campo das políticas de HIV e Aids. Objetiva refletir sobre como se articulam categorias classificatórias e operativas no âmbito das respostas programáticas em relação à produção social de diferenças e desigualdades. Para tanto, parte do referencial teórico dos estudos sobre vulnerabilidade e reconhecimento e de metodologia que inclui revisão crítica da literatura sobre a categoria HSH e material etnográfico oriundo de pesquisas das autoras e de revisão de literatura, relativo ao movimento social, pesquisas e políticas com foco em lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais (LGBT). Recupera o processo de construção da categoria HSH no campo das políticas de prevenção de HIV e Aids em âmbito internacional, situando atores políticos e tensões. Problematiza essas tensões ao analisar processos de produção de sujeitos políticos e mudanças nas relações socioestatais que envolvem LGBT. Enfatiza a importância de considerar como diferenças e desigualdades emergem nos processos sociopolíticos e de destinar estudos para aprimorar políticas, assegurando um cuidado efetivamente mais respeitoso.


Abstract This essay explores the relationship between diversity and public health by addressing tensions related to classifications and recognition in the field of HIV and AIDS policy. The objective is to reflect on how classificatory and operative categories are articulated within the scope of programmatic responses towards the social production of differences and inequalities. To do so it draws from the theoretical framework of studies on vulnerability and recognition and from a methodology that includes a critical review of the literature on the category men who have sex with men (MSM) and ethnographic material, derived from the authors' research and a literature review related to social movements, and research and policies focused on lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transvestites and transsexuals (LGBT). It reviews how the MSM category was constructed in the field of HIV and AIDS prevention policies at an international level, situating political actors and tensions. It problematizes these tensions by analyzing processes of production of political subjects as well as changes in socio-state relations that involve LGBT. It emphasizes the importance of considering how differences and inequalities emerge in socio-political processes and of dedicating studies to improve policies, ensuring an effectively more respectful care.

2.
Cien Saude Colet ; 27(10): 3913-3922, 2022 Oct.
Article in Portuguese, English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36134797

ABSTRACT

This essay explores the relationship between diversity and public health by addressing tensions related to classifications and recognition in the field of HIV and AIDS policy. The objective is to reflect on how classificatory and operative categories are articulated within the scope of programmatic responses towards the social production of differences and inequalities. To do so it draws from the theoretical framework of studies on vulnerability and recognition and from a methodology that includes a critical review of the literature on the category men who have sex with men (MSM) and ethnographic material, derived from the authors' research and a literature review related to social movements, and research and policies focused on lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transvestites and transsexuals (LGBT). It reviews how the MSM category was constructed in the field of HIV and AIDS prevention policies at an international level, situating political actors and tensions. It problematizes these tensions by analyzing processes of production of political subjects as well as changes in socio-state relations that involve LGBT. It emphasizes the importance of considering how differences and inequalities emerge in socio-political processes and of dedicating studies to improve policies, ensuring an effectively more respectful care.


Este ensaio explora a relação entre diversidade e saúde pública ao abordar tensões que envolvem classificações e reconhecimento no campo das políticas de HIV e Aids. Objetiva refletir sobre como se articulam categorias classificatórias e operativas no âmbito das respostas programáticas em relação à produção social de diferenças e desigualdades. Para tanto, parte do referencial teórico dos estudos sobre vulnerabilidade e reconhecimento e de metodologia que inclui revisão crítica da literatura sobre a categoria HSH e material etnográfico oriundo de pesquisas das autoras e de revisão de literatura, relativo ao movimento social, pesquisas e políticas com foco em lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais (LGBT). Recupera o processo de construção da categoria HSH no campo das políticas de prevenção de HIV e Aids em âmbito internacional, situando atores políticos e tensões. Problematiza essas tensões ao analisar processos de produção de sujeitos políticos e mudanças nas relações socioestatais que envolvem LGBT. Enfatiza a importância de considerar como diferenças e desigualdades emergem nos processos sociopolíticos e de destinar estudos para aprimorar políticas, assegurando um cuidado efetivamente mais respeitoso.


Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , HIV Infections , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Dissent and Disputes , Female , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Health Policy , Homosexuality, Male , Humans , Male , Respect
3.
J Community Health ; 47(1): 118-126, 2022 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34480248

ABSTRACT

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) should form part of the comprehensive healthcare agenda for adolescents and young people (A&Y) and testing plays a strategic role in STI prevention. However, little attention has been paid to the social and programmatic obstacles to this practice among A&Y. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of testing for syphilis and HIV reported by a group of A&Y, analyzing its relationship with variables potentially indicative of inequities related to vulnerability to STIs. This was a cross-sectional survey applied to students at public high schools in three cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The responses of 369 young people who reported having started sexual life were analyzed. The analysis included description of the frequencies of demographic and socioeconomic variables and their associations with testing for syphilis and HIV through the chi-square test. The concentration index (CI) was also calculated, with construction of the respective concentration curve for the associated variables. Positive associations were found between occurrence of testing and living in homes with up to three inhabitants, living in a marital situation with a regular or committed partnership, previous use of primary care services and previous use of hospitals or emergency services. The concentration curve for testing STIs showed significant contributions from the associated variables. The findings indicated that situations of inequity need to be addressed in order to reduce A&Y's vulnerability to STIs.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Syphilis , Adolescent , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Humans , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Syphilis/epidemiology
4.
Saúde debate ; 46(spe7): 207-222, 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1424608

ABSTRACT

RESUMO A chegada da 5ª década da epidemia de Aids sob o impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 trouxe importantes desafios para a prevenção do HIV/Aids. Este ensaio buscou sistematizar as reflexões produzidas em projeto desenvolvido pela Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de Aids que conjugou debates sobre o momento presente das respostas à epidemia com o resgate da história social da Aids e da prevenção. Trata-se da história social da epidemia de Aids nos seus 40 anos e abordaram-se lições no campo da prevenção relevantes para repensar a prevenção na 5ª década. Apresentam-se princípios ético-políticos que fundamentaram respostas bem-sucedidas à Aids no Brasil, bem como apontam-se caminhos futuros, recomendando abordagens a serem adotadas e um pacote mínimo de recursos preventivos de acesso universal. Para evitar o desperdício da rica experiência acumulada ao longo da história social da Aids, propõe-se valorizar e recuperar lições aprendidas ao longo da história da prevenção, como a articulação de estratégias culturais e estruturais - fundamentadas em direitos e mobilização social - às estratégias de prevenção biomédicas e comportamentais e a combinação dos conceitos de vulnerabilidade e de direitos humanos, instrumentais para analisar os determinantes da epidemia e propor intervenções social e culturalmente apropriadas.


ABSTRACT The arrival of the 5th decade of the AIDS epidemic under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought important challenges for HIV/AIDS prevention. This essay sought to systematize the reflections produced in a project developed by the Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association that combined current debates on the responses to the epidemic with the rescue of the social history of AIDS and prevention. We deal with the social history of the AIDS epidemic in its 40 years and address lessons in the field of prevention that are relevant to rethinking prevention in the 5th decade. We present ethical-political principles that underpin successful responses to AIDS in Brazil, as well as point out future paths, recommending approaches to be adopted and a minimum package of preventive resources for universal access. To avoid wasting the rich experience accumulated throughout the social history of AIDS, we propose to value and recover lessons learned throughout the history of prevention, such as the articulation of cultural and structural strategies - based on rights and social mobilization - with biomedical and behavioral prevention strategies and the combination of the concepts of vulnerability and human rights, instrumental in analyzing the determinants of the epidemic and proposing socially and culturally appropriate interventions.

5.
Sex Reprod Health Matters ; 27(3): 1650587, 2019 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31533555

ABSTRACT

AIDS-related stigma is a major hurdle to care and it hinders people from accessing HIV prevention methods, such as post-exposure prophylaxis. This study was designed to explore how AIDS-related stigma impacts the experience of using non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) for HIV after sexual contact. Data were gathered in in-depth interviews with 59 people who voluntarily sought out nPEP in five public healthcare facilities in Brazil between 2015 and 2016. Data were analysed into three thematic categories: fear of being mistaken for a person living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA); desire to hide particular features of one's sexual life; and experiences of stigmatising behaviour due to nPEP use. Based on the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework, predominant manifestations of AIDS-related stigma in each category were analysed, as well as their intersections with gender- and sexuality-related stigmas. Results show that experiences of using nPEP are permeated by AIDS-related stigma, intersecting with sexuality- and gender-related stigmas. Stigma experiences are mainly perceived, anticipated and internalised; stigma practices include prejudice and stigmatising behaviours. Taking antiretrovirals (ARVs) led participants to the fear of being discriminated against as a PLWHA and having particular features of their sexual identities disclosed. Thus, hiding nPEP was strategic to protect from stigmatising behaviour. As ARV-based prevention technologies are scaled-up, interventions designed to tackle AIDS- and sexuality-related stigmas must be expanded in Brazil. Required interventions include public campaigns about nPEP, educational programmes in healthcare settings to offer adequate support to nPEP users and investments in stigma research and monitoring.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/prevention & control , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis , Social Stigma , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil , Female , Homosexuality, Male , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Middle Aged , Qualitative Research , Young Adult
6.
Sex., salud soc. (Rio J.) ; (29): 263-293, mayo-ago. 2018. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-979360

ABSTRACT

Resumo: O recrudescimento da epidemia de HIV entre gays e outros homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) é revelador de limitações ou fracasso nas políticas de prevenção direcionadas a este grupo. Com base nas abordagens teóricas da vulnerabilidade e do Cuidado, analisamos o panorama das políticas de prevenção do HIV/aids voltados a gays e outros HSH, recorrendo a documentos nacionais que fundamentam políticas de prevenção do HIV/aids e a documentos produzidos por organizações não governamentais e pelas Conferências Nacionais LGBT. Identificamos, nos documentos analisados, três leituras acerca das políticas de prevenção: a) epidemiológica; b) da responsabilidade preventiva; c) baseada nos direitos humanos e na vulnerabilidade. A disputa, a negação e a hegemonia de cada uma dessas perspectivas nos diferentes momentos permitem compreender parte dos desafios e das barreiras enfrentados na prevenção do HIV e da aids entre gays e outros HSH. A análise efetivada mostra mudanças na intensidade e na qualidade do diálogo socioestatal. A frágil formalização e a abrangência restrita dos documentos destacam-se como limitações na efetuação de uma abordagem de prevenção efetivamente fundamentada na vulnerabilidade e nos direitos humanos, bem como na incorporação da perspectiva do Cuidado público. Reiteramos a importância do diálogo qualificado com os sujeitos implicados nas políticas para audição de suas necessidades, de seus anseios e críticas.


Abstract: The resurgence of the HIV epidemic among gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) is indicative of limitations or failures in prevention policies directed to this group. Based on the theoretical approaches of vulnerability and Care, we analyze the panorama of HIV/AIDS prevention policies for gays and other MSM in Brazil using national documents that support prevention policies of HIV/AIDS and documents produced by nongovernmental organizations and by the LGBT National Conferences. We identified, in the documents analyzed, three readings that support prevention policies: a) epidemiological; b) preventive responsibility; c) based on human rights and vulnerability. The dispute, denial and hegemony of each of these perspectives at different times allows us to understand some of the challenges and barriers faced in preventing HIV and AIDS among gays and other MSM. Our analysis shows changes in the intensity and quality of the dialogue between state and society. The fragile formalization and restricted scope of the documents stand out as limitations in the effectuation of a prevention approach based on vulnerability and human rights, as well as the incorporation of the Public Care perspective. We reiterate the importance of a qualified dialogue with the individuals involved in the policies to hear their needs, aspirations and critics.


Resumen: El recrudecimiento de la epidemia de VIH entre gays y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) revela limitaciones o fracasos de las políticas de prevención dirigidas a ese grupo. Con base en los enfoques teóricos de la vulnerabilidad y del Cuidado, analizamos el panorama de las políticas de prevención del VIH / Sida dirigidas a gays y otros HSH, recurriendo a documentos nacionales que fundamentan políticas de prevención del VIH / Sida y documentos producidos por organizaciones no- gubernamentales y las Conferencias Nacionales LGBT. Identificamos, en los documentos analizados, tres lecturas acerca de las políticas de prevención: a) epidemiológica; b) de la responsabilidad preventiva; c) basada en los derechos humanos y la vulnerabilidad. La disputa, la negación y la hegemonía de cada una de esas perspectivas en los diferentes momentos permiten comprender parte de los desafíos y barreras enfrentados en la prevención del VIH y del Sida entre gays y otros HSH. El análisis efectuado muestra cambios en la intensidad y la calidad del diálogo socio-estatal. La frágil formalización y el alcance restringido de los documentos se destacan como limitaciones en la realización de un abordaje de prevención efectivamente fundamentado en la vulnerabilidad y los derechos humanos, así como a la incorporación de la perspectiva del Cuidado público. Reiteramos la importancia del diálogo calificado con los sujetos implicados en las políticas para la audición de sus necesidades, anhelos y críticas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Brazil , HIV , Homosexuality, Male , Social Vulnerability , Health Vulnerability , Epidemics , Health Policy , Unified Health System , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Disease Prevention
7.
Sex., salud soc. (Rio J.) ; (29): 340-372, mayo-ago. 2018. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-979354

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Este artigo parte de pesquisa que articula etnografia, inquérito comportamental e estudo de prevalência do HIV entre gays, outros HSH, travestis e mulheres transexuais em dois distritos administrativos na região central da cidade de São Paulo. Focaliza a produção articulada da vulnerabilidade para o HIV, de ações de prevenção, das atribuições de "risco" e de espaços da cidade - seus territórios e fronteiras -, considerando que tal produção é perpassada por relações de poder que se constituem mutuamente. Tais fronteiras, que delimitam diferentes lugares, frequências e tipos de estabelecimentos, mas também podem dificultar ou impedir a oferta de ações de prevenção, são vistas como sendo ao mesmo tempo simbólicas e materiais. Interessa-nos pensar: 1) como os distritos estudados se diferenciam entre si e internamente em termos de perfil socioeconômico, identidades, práticas sexuais e protetivas de seus frequentadores; 2) como a identidade sociossexual é atribuída diferentemente aos dois distritos estudados; 3) como a atribuição da ideia de "risco" para a infecção pelo HIV é acionada de diferentes modos em relação aos dois distritos; 4) como a distribuição socioespacial das pessoas, dos estabelecimentos, das identidades e do "risco" produz fronteiras no espaço da cidade, intersectando variadas relações sociais de poder ou marcadores sociais da diferença.


Abstract: This article is part of a research that articulates ethnography, behavioral investigation and HIV prevalence study among gay men, other MSM, travestis and transsexual women in two administrative districts in the central region of the city of São Paulo. It focus on the articulated production of HIV vulnerability, prevention actions, "risk" assignments and city spaces - their territories and borders - considering that such production is permeated by mutually constitutive power relations. Such boundaries, which delimit different places, frequencies and types of establishments, but also hamper prevention actions from being offered, are seen as both symbolic and material. Analysis is centered on: 1) how the studied districts differ among themselves and internally in terms of socioeconomic profile, identities, sexual and protective practices of its people; 2) how the socio-sexual identity is attributed differently in the two studied districts; 3) how the idea of "risk" for HIV infection is attributed in different ways in relation to the two districts; 4) how the socio-spatial distribution of people, establishments, identities and "risk" produces boundaries in the city space, intersecting various social relations of power or social markers of difference.


Resumen: Este artículo parte de un estudio que articula etnografía, investigación comportamental y estudio de prevalencia de VIH entre gays, otros HSH, travestis y mujeres transexuales en dos distritos administrativos en la región central de la Ciudad de São Paulo. Se focaliza la producción articulada de la vulnerabilidad para el VIH, de acciones de prevención, de las atribuciones de "riesgo" y de espacios de la ciudad - sus territorios y fronteras -, considerando que tal producción es atravesada por relaciones de poder que se constituyen mutuamente. Tales fronteras, que delimitan diferentes lugares, frecuencias y tipos de establecimientos, pero también pueden dificultar o impedir la oferta de acciones de prevención, son vistas como siendo al mismo tiempo simbólicas y materiales. Nos interesa pensar: 1) como los distritos estudiados se diferencian entre si e internamente por perfil socioeconómico, identidades, prácticas sexuales y protección de sus frecuentadores; 2) como la identidad sociosexual es atribuida diferentemente a los dos distritos estudiados; 3) como la atribución de la idea de "riesgo" para la infección por VIH es accionada de diferentes modos en relación a los dos distritos; 4) como la distribución socioespacial de las personas, de los establecimientos, de las identidades y del "riesgo" producen fronteras en el espacio de la ciudad, intersectando variadas relaciones sociales de poder o marcadores sociales de la diferencia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Homosexuality , Risk , HIV , Sexuality , Social Vulnerability , Transsexualism , Brazil , Qualitative Research , Disease Prevention
9.
BIS, Bol. Inst. Saúde (Impr.) ; 19(2): 105-115, Dez. 2018.
Article in French | Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-ISPROD, Sec. Est. Saúde SP, SESSP-ISACERVO | ID: biblio-1016700

ABSTRACT

Este artigo compartilha a experiência de implantação da política de saúde LGBT em âmbito municipal, com ênfase na oferta de hormonoterapia para pessoas trans, por meio do caso do município de São Paulo. Buscamos caracterizar as estratégias adotadas, bem como debatemos algumas das limitações deste processo, os desafios e as perspectivas colocados para o futuro.


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Equity , Transgender Persons , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Gender Identity
10.
Rev Bras Epidemiol ; 18 Suppl 1: 43-62, 2015 Sep.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26630298

ABSTRACT

A spectrum of diverse prevention methods that offer high protection against HIV has posed the following challenge: how can national AIDS policies with high coverage for prevention and treatment make the best use of new methods so as to reverse the current high, and even rising, incidence rates among specific social groups? We conducted a narrative review of the literature to examine the prevention methods and the structural interventions that can have a higher impact on incidence rates in the context of socially and geographically concentrated epidemics. Evidence on the protective effect of the methods against sexual exposure to HIV, as well as their limits and potential, is discussed. The availability and effectiveness of prevention methods have been hindered by structural and psychosocial barriers such as obstacles to adherence, inconsistent use over time, or only when individuals perceive themselves at higher risk. The most affected individuals and social groups have presented limited or absence of use of methods as this is moderated by values, prevention needs, and life circumstances. As a result, a substantial impact on the epidemic cannot be achieved by one method alone. Programs based on the complementarity of methods, the psychosocial aspects affecting their use and the mitigation of structural barriers may have the highest impact on incidence rates, especially if participation and community mobilization are part of their planning and implementation.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/prevention & control , Sexual Behavior , Condoms, Female , Humans , Risk Factors
11.
Rev Bras Epidemiol ; 18 Suppl 1: 63-88, 2015 Sep.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26630299

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: It is known that a single prevention strategy is not enough to control multiple HIV epidemics around the world and in Brazil. However, it is not only necessary to recognize the importance of condoms as part of the policy of HIV/AIDS prevention but also discuss its limits. In this article, we aim to investigate the use of condoms in Brazil, draw critical reflections, and understand how they can once again be highlighted in Brazil's prevention strategy going forward. METHODS: A narrative review of literature was conducted using keywords in PubMed. Reports from national surveys that guide the epidemiological and behavioral surveillance of the Brazilian Ministry of Health were also included. RESULTS: A total of 40 articles and 3 reports were included in the review and 11 intervention studies to promote the condom use; the main findings were as follows: 1) Despite the increase in national studies on sexual behavior, little attention is given to the role of condom use; 2) There are few studies examining the factors associated with condom use among key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), drug users (DU), and transvestites and transexuals (TT), while substantial studies focus on adolescents and women; 3) Evidence suggests that a combination of interventions is more effective. DISCUSSION: new prevention technologies must not lose sight of the critical importance of condoms, and efforts to reintroduce them should focus on the role of pleasure in addition to their potential to minimize the risk of HIV.


Subject(s)
Condoms , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Brazil , Female , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sexual Behavior , Young Adult
12.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 18(supl.1): 63-88, Jul.-Sep. 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-770674

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is known that a single prevention strategy is not enough to control multiple HIV epidemics around the world and in Brazil. However, it is not only necessary to recognize the importance of condoms as part of the policy of HIV/AIDS prevention but also discuss its limits. In this article, we aim to investigate the use of condoms in Brazil, draw critical reflections, and understand how they can once again be highlighted in Brazil's prevention strategy going forward. Methods: A narrative review of literature was conducted using keywords in PubMed. Reports from national surveys that guide the epidemiological and behavioral surveillance of the Brazilian Ministry of Health were also included. Results: A total of 40 articles and 3 reports were included in the review and 11 intervention studies to promote the condom use; the main findings were as follows: 1) Despite the increase in national studies on sexual behavior, little attention is given to the role of condom use; 2) There are few studies examining the factors associated with condom use among key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), drug users (DU), and transvestites and transexuals (TT), while substantial studies focus on adolescents and women; 3) Evidence suggests that a combination of interventions is more effective. Discussion: new prevention technologies must not lose sight of the critical importance of condoms, and efforts to reintroduce them should focus on the role of pleasure in addition to their potential to minimize the risk of HIV.


RESUMO Introdução: No âmbito da atual política de prevenção do HIV/AIDS é necessário reconhecer a importância do preservativo masculino e discutir seus limites. Esse artigo objetivou investigar o uso do preservativo masculino no Brasil e elaborar reflexões críticas sobre o papel do mesmo no novo contexto da prevenção do HIV/AIDS. Métodos: Revisão narrativa sobre o uso do preservativo masculino no Brasil em diferentes grupos populacionais e fatores associados ao uso, por meio de buscas realizadas entre março e abril de 2013, utilizando-se descritores em inglês categorizados na base PubMed. Incluíram-se também documentos provenientes de inquéritos nacionais que orientam a vigilância epidemiológica e comportamental do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Incluí-se 40 artigos e 3 relatórios para caracterizar a produção de conhecimentos e outros 11 estudos de intervenção para promoção do uso de preservativos. Observou-se que: 1) apesar do aumento de estudos nacionais, estes apresentam baixa regularidade; 2) há poucos estudos sobre fatores associados ao uso de preservativo entre os grupos nos quais a epidemia se concentra, como homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), trabalhadoras sexuais (TS), usuários de drogas (UD) e travestis e transexuais (TT), e concentração entre adolescentes e mulheres; 3) combinação de intervenções mostrou-se mais efetiva do que uma só. Discussão: A reflexão e discussão do uso do preservativo no âmbito das novas tecnologias de prevenção devem não só enfatizar a importância do mesmo, mas também considerar o papel do prazer e do sexo nas intervenções combinadas, além do potencial de redução do risco de infecção por HIV.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Condoms , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Sexual Behavior
13.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 18(supl.1): 43-62, Jul.-Sep. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-770676

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT A spectrum of diverse prevention methods that offer high protection against HIV has posed the following challenge: how can national AIDS policies with high coverage for prevention and treatment make the best use of new methods so as to reverse the current high, and even rising, incidence rates among specific social groups? We conducted a narrative review of the literature to examine the prevention methods and the structural interventions that can have a higher impact on incidence rates in the context of socially and geographically concentrated epidemics. Evidence on the protective effect of the methods against sexual exposure to HIV, as well as their limits and potential, is discussed. The availability and effectiveness of prevention methods have been hindered by structural and psychosocial barriers such as obstacles to adherence, inconsistent use over time, or only when individuals perceive themselves at higher risk. The most affected individuals and social groups have presented limited or absence of use of methods as this is moderated by values, prevention needs, and life circumstances. As a result, a substantial impact on the epidemic cannot be achieved by one method alone. Programs based on the complementarity of methods, the psychosocial aspects affecting their use and the mitigation of structural barriers may have the highest impact on incidence rates, especially if participation and community mobilization are part of their planning and implementation.


RESUMO A existência de diferentes métodos preventivos que oferecem elevado grau de proteção contra o HIV tem trazido à luz um desafio: como países que proporcionaram ampla cobertura de prevenção e tratamento poderão utilizar novos métodos preventivos para reverter taxas de incidência que permanecem elevadas, até mesmo crescentes, em grupos sociais específicos? Realizamos uma revisão narrativa da literatura com a finalidade de examinar os métodos preventivos e as intervenções estruturais que, no contexto de epidemias concentradas populacional e geograficamente, podem ter maior impacto nas taxas de incidência. Com isso, analisamos o conhecimento acerca do grau de proteção dos diferentes métodos, seus limites e suas potencialidades. O alcance e a efetividade dos métodos têm sido minimizados, notadamente, por barreiras estruturais e psicossociais, como falhas de adesão, uso inconsistente ao longo do tempo ou apenas em situações em que as pessoas se percebem em maior risco. Indivíduos e grupos sociais mais atingidos pela epidemia têm limitado o uso e o não uso de métodos de acordo com seus valores, necessidades identificadas de prevenção e condições de vida. Isso impede que um método isoladamente venha a promover um forte impacto de redução na epidemia. Políticas baseadas na oferta conjunta e na complementaridade entre os métodos, na atenção aos aspectos psicossociais que interferem no seu uso e na redução das barreiras estruturais de acesso poderão ter maior impacto na incidência, especialmente se forem planejadas e implantadas com participação e mobilização social.


Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Sexual Behavior , Condoms, Female , Risk Factors
14.
BMJ Open ; 5(8): e009021, 2015 Aug 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26307622

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Few results from programmes based on combination prevention methods are available. We propose to analyse the degree of protection provided by postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for consensual sexual activity at healthcare clinics, its compensatory effects on sexual behaviour; and the effectiveness of combination prevention methods and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), compared with exclusively using traditional methods. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A total of 3200 individuals aged 16 years or older presenting for PEP at 5 sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV clinics in 3 regions of Brazil will be allocated to one of two groups: the PEP group-individuals who come to the clinic within 72 h after a sexual exposure and start PEP; and the non-PEP group-individuals who come after 72 h but within 30 days of exposure and do not start PEP. Clinical follow-up will be conducted initially for 6 months and comprise educational interventions based on information and counselling for using prevention methods, including PrEP. In the second study phase, individuals who remain HIV negative will be regrouped according to the reported use of prevention methods and observed for 18 months: only traditional methods; combined methods; and PrEP. Effectiveness will be analysed according to the incidence of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B and C and protected sexual behaviour. A structured questionnaire will be administered to participants at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Qualitative methods will be employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of PEP-seeking behaviour, preventive choices and exposure to HIV. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study will be conducted in accordance with the resolution of the School of Medicine Research Ethics Commission of Universidade de São Paulo (protocol no. 251/14). The databases will be available for specific studies, after management committee approval. Findings will be presented to researchers, health managers and civil society members by means of newspapers, electronic media and scientific journals and meetings.


Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis , Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Adolescent , Brazil , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Patient Education as Topic , Sexual Behavior
15.
AIDS Behav ; 19(9): 1589-98, 2015 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25384906

ABSTRACT

We conducted a time-location sampling sero-behavioral surveillance survey of men who have sex with men (MSM) in São Paulo, Brazil, the largest city in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere (N = 1,217 interviewed with serological results for 771). HIV prevalence was 15.4 % (95 % CI 11.6-20.1), with only 45.8 % previously aware of their infection. HIV prevalence achieved 6.4 % among youth 18-24 years and was higher among MSM with lower socio-economic status. In multivariate analysis, correlates of HIV were older age, gay identity, lower socio-economic status, social networks with HIV-positive MSM, receptive anal sex, and internet sex partners. Policy change towards increasing avenues for HIV testing coupled with antiretroviral treatment regardless of CD4 count or stage of disease stand to benefit the MSM community if scaled up fast enough.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Sexual Partners , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Condoms/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Seroprevalence , Humans , Male , Mass Screening , Multivariate Analysis , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
16.
Temas psicol. (Online) ; 21(3): 815-836, dez. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-791940

ABSTRACT

Desde o início da epidemia de aids, a camisinha tem sido a principal estratégia de prevenção das políticas brasileiras. Este estudo apresenta um ensaio reflexivo sobre a produção acadêmica a respeito do uso da camisinha como método de prevenção de HIV/aids no Brasil, com base em artigos publicados em periódicos científicos entre 2007 e 2011 e indexados na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. Delineia-se um panorama dos estudos realizados e dos resultados e conclusões encontrados. A despeito da diversidade da produção analisada, identifica-se concentração de estudos realizados com jovens e grande atenção dada às questões de gênero. A partir de uma análise conjunta dos objetivos e do aporte teórico-metodológico dos artigos, são identificadas seis vertentes de produção de conhecimento sobre o assunto: estudos epidemiológicos; estudos de conhecimentos e comportamentos; estudos de contextos específicos; estudos de significados e sentidos; estudos de atividades; e estudos de revisão. A literatura analisada apresenta-se de forma difusa, de modo a entrelaçar abordagens e direcionamentos, o que demanda um amadurecimento epistemológico e metodológico dos referenciais utilizados.


Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, condoms have been the main preventive strategy of the Brazilian policies. This study presents a reflective essay on the academic production on condom use as a method for HIV/AIDS prevention in Brazil, based on papers published in scientific journals between 2007 and 2011 and indexed in the Virtual Health Library. It outlines an overview of these studies and their results and conclusions. Despite the diversity of the production analyzed, it was found that the studies concentrated on young people, with great attention given to gender issues. From combined analysis on the goals and the theoretical and methodological frameworks of the articles, six areas of production of knowledge on the subject were identified: epidemiological studies; studies on knowledge and behavior; studies on specific contexts; studies on senses and meanings; studies on activities; and review studies. The literature analyzed is presented in a diffuse manner so as it interlocks approaches and directions, which requires an epistemological and methodological maturity of the frameworks used.


Desde el comienzo de la epidemia del sida, el preservativo ha sido la principal estrategia de prevención de las políticas brasileñas. Este estudio presenta un ensayo reflexivo sobre la producción académica respecto al uso del preservativo como método de prevención del VIH/sida en Brasil, basado en artículos publicados en revistas científicas entre los años 2007 y 2011 e indexados en la Biblioteca Virtual em Salud. Se traza un panorama de los estudios realizados, de los resultados y conclusiones encontrados. A pesar de la diversidad en la producción analizada, se identifica una concentración de estudios realizados con jóvenes y una gran atención dada a los problemas de género. A partir de un análisis conjunto de los objetivos y del aporte teórico-metodológico de los artículos, se identificaron seis vertientes de producción del conocimiento sobre el tema: estudios epidemiológicos, estudios de conocimientos y comportamientos, estudios de contextos específicos, estudios de significados y sentidos, estudios de actividades y estudios de revisión. La literatura analizada se presenta de forma difusa, de manera que se entrelazan enfoques y orientaciones, lo que requiere una madurez epistemológica y metodológica de las referencias utilizadas.

17.
Temas psicol. (Online) ; 21(2): 815-836, dez. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-60018

ABSTRACT

Desde o início da epidemia de aids, a camisinha tem sido a principal estratégia de prevenção das políticas brasileiras. Este estudo apresenta um ensaio reflexivo sobre a produção acadêmica a respeito do uso da camisinha como método de prevenção de HIV/aids no Brasil, com base em artigos publicados em periódicos científicos entre 2007 e 2011 e indexados na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. Delineia-se um panorama dos estudos realizados e dos resultados e conclusões encontrados. A despeito da diversidade da produção analisada, identifica-se concentração de estudos realizados com jovens e grande atenção dada às questões de gênero. A partir de uma análise conjunta dos objetivos e do aporte teórico-metodológico dos artigos, são identificadas seis vertentes de produção de conhecimento sobre o assunto: estudos epidemiológicos; estudos de conhecimentos e comportamentos; estudos de contextos específicos; estudos de significados e sentidos; estudos de atividades; e estudos de revisão. A literatura analisada apresenta-se de forma difusa, de modo a entrelaçar abordagens e direcionamentos, o que demanda um amadurecimento epistemológico e metodológico dos referenciais utilizados.(AU)


Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, condoms have been the main preventive strategy of the Brazilian policies. This study presents a reflective essay on the academic production on condom use as a method for HIV/AIDS prevention in Brazil, based on papers published in scientific journals between 2007 and 2011 and indexed in the Virtual Health Library. It outlines an overview of these studies and their results and conclusions. Despite the diversity of the production analyzed, it was found that the studies concentrated on young people, with great attention given to gender issues. From combined analysis on the goals and the theoretical and methodological frameworks of the articles, six areas of production of knowledge on the subject were identified: epidemiological studies; studies on knowledge and behavior; studies on specific contexts; studies on senses and meanings; studies on activities; and review studies. The literature analyzed is presented in a diffuse manner so as it interlocks approaches and directions, which requires an epistemological and methodological maturity of the frameworks used.(AU)


Desde el comienzo de la epidemia del sida, el preservativo ha sido la principal estrategia de prevención de las políticas brasileñas. Este estudio presenta un ensayo reflexivo sobre la producción académica respecto al uso del preservativo como método de prevención del VIH/sida en Brasil, basado en artículos publicados en revistas científicas entre los años 2007 y 2011 e indexados en la Biblioteca Virtual em Salud. Se traza un panorama de los estudios realizados, de los resultados y conclusiones encontrados. A pesar de la diversidad en la producción analizada, se identifica una concentración de estudios realizados con jóvenes y una gran atención dada a los problemas de género. A partir de un análisis conjunto de los objetivos y del aporte teórico-metodológico de los artículos, se identificaron seis vertientes de producción del conocimiento sobre el tema: estudios epidemiológicos, estudios de conocimientos y comportamientos, estudios de contextos específicos, estudios de significados y sentidos, estudios de actividades y estudios de revisión. La literatura analizada se presenta de forma difusa, de manera que se entrelazan enfoques y orientaciones, lo que requiere una madurez epistemológica y metodológica de las referencias utilizadas.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Condoms , Sex , Sexually Transmitted Diseases
18.
In. Paiva, Vera; Pupo, Ligia Rivero; Seffner, Fernando. Vulnerabilidade e direitos humanos - prevenção e promoção da saúde: pluralidade de vozes e inovação de práticas. Livro III. Curitiba, Juruá, 2012. p.137-152.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: lil-671216
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...